Government Engg. College Valsad process calculation project work

Assignment Topic : Material Balance without Chemical Reaction Submitted to : Prof. Girish vegad (chemical dept.) & Prof. R. V. Prajapati Submitted by : Name enrollment no. 1. Kartik Dhodi (130190105014) 2. Rahul Dhodi (130190105016) 3. Dular Dangera (130190105018)

Materials balance without Chemical Reaction Block Diagram: A Block Diagram is a simplified from of a process flow sheet. Such a diagram is useful in estimating feed and product streams along with required utilities. A block diagram is useful at an early stage of the process development.

Figure is a block diagram of a batch extraction of nutraceutical ingredient from deodorizer distilled (DO), derived from soybean oil. DO is first esterified with exeaa methanol in presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyt. Excess methanol is then distilled out under vacum from the esterified mass. In the subsequent process step, the esterified mass is neutralised and washed with hot water. Decanted esterified mass is dried under vacum and sent ton a crystallizer.

Hydrocarbon solvent is added to seprate out setrol at low temperature Hydrocarbon solvent is added to seprate out setrol at low temperature. After a specified time, mass from the crystallizer is centrifuged and wet cake is sent to a dryer where the solvent is recovered under vacuum. Dried sterol is sent for packing. Mother liquor from the crystallizer is sent to a distillation unit. The solvent is recovered by batch distillation of the mother liqour. Concentrated DO is concentrated mass of mixed tocopherols.

Figure 2 is the water balance for the same batch extraction plant which is yet another block diagram of a utility in a process plant.

PROCESS FLOW SHEET Development of a process flow sheet starts on approval of a project based on the overall information draw from a block diagram. A process flow sheet is one in which all incoming and outgoing materials and utilies are shown. It should be clearly understood that such a diagram is different from the piping and instrumentation diagram. The latter diagram is not intended to give specify the flow sequence, all relevant instrumentation and controls, pipes and fitting, material specifications of pipes and any other specific information for carrying out detailed engineering design.

On the other hand, a process flow sheet includes Flow rate or quantity of each stream; composition of the steams are also recommend Operating condition of each stream, such as pressure and temperature Heat added/removed in a particular equipment Flow rates of utilities such as steam, cooling water, brine, etc. Any specific information which is useful in understanding the process

from the above discussion, it is clear that the process flow diagram is a very useful diagram in chemical process industry. figure 3 gives the process details of a softening process using ion-exchange technology. This is a cyclic process in which the service cycle and regeneration cycle are repeated alternatively. It may be noted that tabular data on regeneration steps help in understanding the process. Since this is nearly an isothermal process, temperature are not indicated on the diagram.

MATERIAL BALANCES It is proposed to cover the process involving no chemical reaction in this chapter. From the law of conservation of mass outlined in the introduction, it follows that for any process, Input-accumulation = output or disappearance

This equation should be clearly understood This equation should be clearly understood. In any flow or batch process, a definite mass of material is charged into the equipment. When the accumulation of the materials constant or nil, Input = Output This is usually the case with steady process.

Material Balance Without Chemical Reaction There are three general methods of solving material balance problems for systems involving no chemical reactions. (1) Make the balance of a tie materials, the quantity of which dose not change during the particular operation.

(2) Very often, one or several inert chemical species which do not take part in the operation are involved in the system. By making balance of this inert species, the material balance calculation can be simplified. (3) When two or more compounds are present in the system and if all the compound are affected simultaneously, it is required that the material balance equation be solved by satisfying simultaneous equations.

Degrees of Freedom Draw and label flow chart Count the unknown variables on the flow chart, nunknowns Count the independent equations relating them, nindep eqns ndf = nunknowns - nindep eqns If ndf = 0, the problem is solvable If ndf>0, the problem is underspecified, need to provide more information/equations. If ndf˂0, the problem is overspecified, more equations than unknowns, redundant and possibly inconsistent information.

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