CHAPTER 9 The Arab Empires Lesson 1–The First Muslims Lesson 2–The Arab Empire and Caliphates Lesson 3–Prosperity in the Islamic World www.glscott.org

Muhammad had been the accepted political and religious leader of the Islamic community. When he died without a successor , there was a problem since he had not designated a successor. Some of his closest followers chose ABU BAKR (Muhammad's father in law ) to be their leader. He had been with Muhammad from the Hijirah to Medinah forward. He took the title of CALIPH and was the religious and political successor to Muhammad. Muhammad had been the accepted political and religious leader of the Islamic community. When he died without a successor , there was a problem since he had not designated a successor. Some of his closest followers chose ABU BAKR ( Muhammad's father in law ) to be their leader. He had been with Muhammad from the Hijirah to Medinah forward. He took the title of CALIPH and was the religious and political successor to Muhammad. Abu Bakr: www.glscott.org

3. Promoted JIHAD: "Striving in the way of god" Abu Bakr: 1. united the Muslim world by: suppressing political and religious uprisings 2. expanded the territory of Islamic conquest 3. Promoted JIHAD: "Striving in the way of god" Also: armed struggle against non-believers Jihad stressed: a Muslim's duty to work for Islam avoiding sin and acting righteously armed struggle against non-believers used to justify war within Muslim disagreements Abu Bakr: united the Muslim world by: suppressing political and religious uprisings expanded the territory of Islamic conquest Promoted JIHAD: "Striving in the way of god" Also: armed struggle against non-believers Jihad stressed: a Muslim's duty to work for Islam avoiding sin and acting righteously armed struggle against non-believers used to justify war within Muslim disagreements also www.glscott.org

Today, there are different interpretations of this term, JIHAD. Some equate it with terrorism and others take a more moderate view. Regardless, JIHAD played a vital role in the expansion of Islam by military conquest . The courage of the Arab soldiers was helped by the belief that they would be assured of paradise if they died in battle. By 642 AD, Islam had dominated Egypt and North Africa . And by 650 AD , Islam had conquered the entire Persian Empire. Today, there are different interpretations of this term, JIHAD. Some equate it with terrorism and others take a more moderate view. Regardless, JIHAD played a vital role in the expansion of Islam by military conquest . The courage of the Arab soldiers was helped by the belief that they would be assured of paradise if they died in battle. By 642 AD , Islam had dominated Egypt and North Africa . And by 650 AD , Islam had conquered the entire Persian Empire . www.glscott.org

Early Caliphs ruled from Madinah Early Caliphs ruled from Madinah. After Abu BAKR died, the next two Caliphs were assassinated. The next Caliph was Ali, Muhammad's son in law. He was chosen in 656 CE, but only ruled five years before he was assassinated also. Early Caliphs ruled from Madinah . After Abu BAKR died, the next two Caliphs were assassinated . The next Caliph was Ali , Muhammad's son in law. He was chosen in 656 CE, but only ruled five years before he was assassinated also. www.glscott.org

were basically left alone had to pay special taxes In the new conquered territories, there was usually a peaceful co-existence with Jews and Christians who lived there. These non- Muslims: were basically left alone had to pay special taxes had to be loyal to Muslim rule 4. had to assume a 2nd class status In the new conquered territories, there was usually a peaceful co-existence with Jews and Christians who lived there. These non-Muslims: were basically left alone had to pay special taxes had to be loyal to Muslim rule had to assume a 2nd class status www.glscott.org

The Umayyads In 661 CE, MUAWIYAH (Moo AH wee uh), the governor of Syria became Caliph and he moved the capital of the Arab Empire to Damascus, Syria. He was known for only using force when necessary. He moved to make the Caliphate hereditary to his family, and established the UMAYYAD Dynasty. The Umayyads In 661 CE, MUAWIYAH (Moo AH wee uh), the governor of Syria became Caliph and he moved the capital of the Arab Empire to Damascus, Syria . He was known for only using force when necessary. He moved to make the Caliphate hereditary to his family, and established the UMAYYAD Dynasty. www.glscott.org

Umayyad Conquests Moved across North Africa to Spain by 725 CE. Center=Cordoba Arab forces were defeated at the Battle of Tours in France in 732 AD. Review: Who defeated them? Charles Martel What was the result of this battle? Why is this important? Ensured that Europe would remain Christian 750 AD conquest came to an end after great expansion Conquest brought great wealth to the Arab Empire. Umayyad Conquests moved across North Africa to Spain by 725 CE. Center=Cordoba Arab forces were defeated at 2. the Battle of Tours in France in 732 AD. Review: Who defeated them? Charles Martel What was the result of this battle? Why is this important? Ensured that Europe would remain Christian 750 AD conquest came to an end after great expansion Conquest brought great wealth to the Arab Empire. www.glscott.org

A Split in Islam Despite the successes, many non-Arab Muslims did not like the was Islamic leadership favored the Arabs. The UMAYYADS: 1. began to have financial trouble had trouble 2. ruling such a vast area 3. distant areas began to be hostile to the Caliphate - a revolt in present day Iraq was led by Hussein the son of Muhammad's son-in-law . A Split in Islam Despite the successes, many non-Arab Muslims did not like the was Islamic leadership favored the Arabs . The UMAYYADS: 1. began to have financial trouble had trouble 2. ruling such a vast area 3. distant areas began to be hostile to the Caliphate - a revolt in present day Iraq was led by Hussein , the son of Muhammad's son-in-law . He encouraged followers to rise up against Umayyad rule, but as he set off to battle, many defected . Ended up: 72 vs. 10,000 and they were all killed www.glscott.org

A Split in Islam He encouraged followers to rise up against Umayyad rule, but as he set off to battle, many defected. Ended up: 72 vs. 10,000 and they were all killed But this led to an eventual SPLIT within Islam: A Split in Islam Despite the successes, many non-Arab Muslims did not like the was Islamic leadership favored the Arabs . The UMAYYADS: 1. began to have financial trouble had trouble 2. ruling such a vast area 3. distant areas began to be hostile to the Caliphate - a revolt in present day Iraq was led by Hussein , the son of Muhammad's son-in-law . He encouraged followers to rise up against Umayyad rule, but as he set off to battle, many defected . Ended up: 72 vs. 10,000 and they were all killed www.glscott.org

But this led to an eventual SPLIT within Islam: SHIA: Muslims who only accept descendants of Ali as true rulers of Islam SUNNI: Muslims who did not agree with Umayyad rule, but accepted their Caliphate. But this led to an eventual SPLIT within Islam: SHIA: Muslims who only accept descendants of Ali as true rulers of Islam SUNNI: Muslims who did not agree with Umayyad rule, but accepted their Caliphate. www.glscott.org

These two branches are divided in Islam even today. The majority of Muslims are Sunnis, but many in present day Iraq and Iran are SHIA. These two branches are divided in Islam even today . The majority of Muslims are Sunnis, but many in present day Iraq and Iran are SHIA. www.glscott.org

The Abbasid Dynasty and the Seljuk Turks Resentment of the non-Arab Muslims continued to grow, aided by the corrupt behavior of the Umayyad rulers. In 750 AD, Abu al-Abbas , a descendant of Muhammad's uncle, overthrew the Umayyads , and established the new Abbasid Dynasty, which lasted until 1258 AD. How long was it? The Abbasid Dynasty and the Seljuk Turks Resentment of the non-Arab Muslims continued to grow, aided by the corrupt behavior of the Umayyad rulers. In 750 AD, Abu al-Abbas , a descendant of Muhammad's uncle, overthrew the Umayyads , and established the new Abbasid Dynasty, which lasted until 1258 AD. How long was it? 508 years www.glscott.org

The Abbasids built a new capital city at BAGHDAD , on the Tigris River, far to the east of the previous capital at Damascus. This location was able to control river traffic to the Persian Gulf, and the caravan route from the Mediterranean Sea to Central Asia. This increased eastern influence and they began a new outlook: The Abbasids built a new capital city at BAGHDAD , on the Tigris River, far to the east of the previous capital at Damascus. This location was able to control river traffic to the Persian Gulf, and the caravan route from the Mediterranean Sea to Central Asia. This increased eastern influence and they began a new outlook: www.glscott.org

THE ABBASIDS: did not use as much: military influence 2. tried to break the distinction between: Arab Muslims and Non-Arab Muslims 3. more accepting of conquered areas 4. all Muslims could hold government office and could inter-marry types of conquered people THE ABBASIDS: 1. did not use as much: military influence 2. tried to break the distinction between: Arab Muslims and Non-Arab Muslims 3. more accepting of conquered areas 4. all Muslims could hold government office and could inter-marry types of conquered people 5. Cosmopolitan culture: mixing many types of people and influences growing prosperity because of trade Most famous Caliph: Harun al Rashid - known for charity and encouraging artists and writers. "The Golden Age of Abbasid Caliphate" A Council advised the Caliph. It was headed by a Prime Minister known as a Vizier . www.glscott.org

THE ABBASIDS: 5. Cosmopolitan culture: mixing many types of people and influences growing prosperity because of trade 7. Most famous Caliph: Harun al Rashid - known for charity and encouraging artists and writers. "The Golden Age of Abbasid Caliphate" A Council advised the Caliph. It was headed by a Prime Minister known as a Vizier. THE ABBASIDS: 1. did not use as much: military influence 2. tried to break the distinction between: Arab Muslims and Non-Arab Muslims 3. more accepting of conquered areas 4. all Muslims could hold government office and could inter-marry types of conquered people 5. Cosmopolitan culture: mixing many types of people and influences growing prosperity because of trade Most famous Caliph: Harun al Rashid - known for charity and encouraging artists and writers. "The Golden Age of Abbasid Caliphate" A Council advised the Caliph. It was headed by a Prime Minister known as a Vizier . www.glscott.org

2. corruption: family members were given $$$ from the state treasury Decline and Division PROBLEMS: Harun al Rashid's sons fought over succession and almost destroyed the capital at Baghdad. 2. corruption: family members were given $$$ from the state treasury 3. shortage of qualified Arabs - non-Arabs began to dominate the army and the government bureaucracy 4. Divided empire: Rulers in the provinces began to break away (Spain, Morocco, Egypt) 1. Harun al Rashid's sons fought over succession and almost destroyed the capital at Baghdad. 2. corruption: family members were given $$$ from the state treasury 3. shortage of qualified Arabs - non-Arabs began to dominate the army and the government bureaucracy 4. Divided empire: Rulers in the provinces began to break away (Spain, Morocco, Egypt) 5. Fatimid Dynasty: In Egypt, this dynasty began to dominate and trade shifted to Cairo. Created an army of non-native soldiers. 6. Seljuk Turks: nomads from Central Asia - they converted to Islam and prospered as soldiers for the Abbasids. As the Abbasids weakened, these Seljuk Turks took over parts of the empire in the east . They took over completely in 1055 and were the real military and political power of the Muslim empire. www.glscott.org

5. Fatimid Dynasty: In Egypt, this dynasty began to dominate and trade shifted to Cairo. Created an army of non-native soldiers. 6. Seljuk Turks: nomads from Central Asia - they converted to Islam and prospered as soldiers for the Abbasids. As the Abbasids weakened, these Seljuk Turks took over parts of the empire in the east . They took over completely in 1055 and were the real military and political power of the Muslim empire. www.glscott.org