The Colonies Come of age Chapter 3, Section 1 The Colonies Come of age

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England and its Colonies In the beginning England and its largely self-governing colonies prospered under a mutually beneficial trade relationship. The British interest in establishing colonies was influenced by the theory of mercantilism, which held that a country’s ultimate goal was self-sufficiency and that all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver.

Mercantilism Inspired by mercantilism , nations concentrated on the balance of trade: The amount of goods sold compared to the amount bought-since a favorable balance meant that more gold was coming in than going out. Britain looked to its American colonies as a market for British goods, a source of raw materials By the mid-1600s, The colonists exported to England large amounts of raw materials and staples-lumber, furs, fish, and tobacco.

Not all the products the colonists produced for export ended up on English docks. Some of the colonists’ lumber and tobacco made its way into the harbors of Spain, France, and Holland. England viewed the colonists’ trade with foreign markets as an economic threat. According to mercantilist theory, any wealth flowing from the colonies to another nation came at the expense of the home country. As a result, at the beginning in the 1650s, England’s Parliament, the country's legislative body, passed the Navigation Acts, a series of laws restricting colonial trade.

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The Navigation Acts The Navigation Acts did not sit well with everyone. A number of colonial merchants resented the trade restrictions, and many continued to smuggle goods to and from other countries.(that were not England) the King punished those colonists whom he believed most resisted English authority: the leaders and merchants of Massachusetts. After failing to persuade Massachusetts to obey English laws, England revoked the colony’s corporate charter. Massachusetts, the Puritan utopia, was suddenly a royal colony, under strict control of the crown.

The Dominion of New England When the popular King Charles II died and a new King took over, James II. Seeking to make the colonies more obedient, he placed the Northern colonies under a single ruler in Boston. Within three years, the land from southern Maine to New Jersey was united into one vast colony, the Dominion of New England. To rule New England, the king picked Sir Edmund Andros, a veteran military officer from an aristocratic English family. Andros made his hardline attitude toward the colonist clear: No privileges. Andros made thousands of enemies. Sir Edmund Andros

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 While the King’s actions made him few friends in the colonies, his religious leanings made him even less popular back home. James II was a Roman Catholic who ruled with little respect for Parliament, the King had no idea how much his subjects valued their Protestantism and their parliamentary rights. Then, when the King had a son, England suddenly faced the possibility of a dynasty of Roman Catholic monarchs. Son of James II, James Francis Edward Staurt King James II the unpopular English Catholic King>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

In 1687 Parliament voted to offer the throne to William and Mary. To head off that possibility, Parliament invited William of Orange, the husband of the King’s Protestant daughter Mary, to England. William and his army sailed from Holland as James (the King) fled the country. In 1687 Parliament voted to offer the throne to William and Mary. They landed in England (from Holland in 1688) After these events, which became known as the Glorious Revolution, Parliament passed a series of laws establishing its power over the monarch. This illustration shows William of Orange being welcomed to England in 1688

Parliament rapidly restored their original status. Upon learning of the events in England, the colonists of Massachusetts staged a bloodless rebellion of their own, arresting Andros and his royal councilors. Parliament rapidly restored their original status. In restoring Massachusetts's charter, however, the English government made several changes. The new charter called for the king to appoint the governor of Massachusetts and required more religious toleration and non- Puritan representation Puritans would no longer be able persecute such groups as the Anglicans- members of the Church of England-and the Quakers. Arrest of Andros in Boston:

England Loosens the Reins A Colonial Town council meeting: England Loosens the Reins Late 1600s: England turned attention away from the colonies and toward France, which was competing with England for control of Europe. England still told colonies to export raw materials and import manufactured goods. As long as they did this, Parliament saw little reason to devote large amounts of money and large numbers of soldiers to aggressively enforcing its colonial laws. This was called Salutary Neglect.

Salutary Neglect Admiralty Court: Ironically, England ushered in its new policy of neglect with an attempt to increase its control over the colonies. 1. moved smuggling trials from colonial courts-with juries composed of colonists who often found colonial smugglers innocent-to admiralty courts presided over by English judges. 2. it created the Board of Trade, an advisory board with broad powers to monitor colonial trade. No they didn’t have sunglasses, yet…. Inexpensive mass-produced sunglasses made from celluloid were first produced by Sam Foster in 1929

The Seeds of Self-Government William Franklin Govenor of NJ in 1700s Policy of salutary neglect had an important effect on colonial politics as well as economics. In nearly every colony, a governor appointed by the king served as the highest authority. The governor presided over a political structure that included an advisory council, appointed by the governor, and a local assembly, elected by eligible colonists. The governor held a wide range of powers. He had the authority to call and disband the assembly, appoint and dismiss judges, and oversee all aspects of colonial trade.

The colonial assembly, not the king, paid the governor’s salary. Using their power of the purse liberally, the colonists influenced the governor in a variety of ways, form the approval of laws to the appointment of judges. Under England’s less-than-watchful eye, the colonies were developing a taste for self-government that would eventually create the conditions for rebellion. The Colonial assembly of Virginia in 1600s:

Video Learning Activities: Life in Colonial America: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLuYPsw2tPI Mercantilism, Navigation Acts, & Salutary Neglect APUSH Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlHXj38VJ7w Mercantilism Rap: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxmB2DB10Ts