Punishments should know no degree or grade, but from ministers of state and generals down to great officers and ordinary folk, whoever does not obey the king’s commands, violates the laws of the state, or rebels against the statutes fixed by the ruler should be guilty of death and should not be pardoned.  Merit acquired in the past should not cause a decrease in the punishment for demerit later, nor should good behavior in the past cause any ignoring of the law for wrong done later.  If loyal ministers and sons do wrong, they should be judged according to the full measure of their guilt, and if among the officials who have to maintain the law and to uphold an office, there are those who do not carry out the king’s law, they are guilty of death and should not be pardoned, but their punishment should be extended to their family for three generations.  Colleagues who, knowing their offense, inform their superiors will themselves escape punishment…. Therefore I say that if there are severe penalties that extend to the whole family, people will not dare to try [how far they can go], and as they dare not try, no punishments will be necessary... Shang Yang, China, 390 BC – 338 BC an important statesman of the State of Qin during the Warring States Period of Chinese history.  with the support of Duke Xiao of Qin Yang enacted numerous reforms in Qin. These were in accordance with his legalist philosophy as recorded in The Book of Lord Shang and assisted Qin in its change from a peripheral state to that of a militarily powerful and strongly centralized kingdom. He changed the administration of the state through an emphasis on meritocracy and devolvement of power from the nobility

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization (self-knowledge, fulfillment of personal potential) Esteem (autonomy, achievement, recognition) Social (belonging, affection) Safety (security, protection from harm) Physiological (Hunger, thirst, shelter) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

What does it mean to be civilized? 18th Century European Civilized vs. primitive White vs. everyone else Historians have determined 6 characteristics of civilization: Cities Organized central governments Complex religions Social classes Job specialization and the arts Writing

Why civilizations fall External War Natural disaster Disease Internal Overpopulation Economic problems Social disruption Political struggles

How do civilizations collapse? Population size and density decrease dramatically Society tends to become less politically centralized Less investment is made in things such as architecture, art, and literature Trade and other economic activities are greatly diminished The flow of information among people slows The ruling elites may change, but usually the working classes tend to remain and provide continuity

Is it possible to prevent collapse? Every society must: answer basic biological needs of its members: food, drink, shelter, and medical care. provide for production and distribution of goods and services (perhaps through division of labor, rules concerning property and trade, or ideas about role of work). provide for reproduction of new members and consider laws and issues related to reproduction (regulation, marriageable age, number of children, and so on). provide for training (education, apprenticeship, passing on of values) of individuals so that they can become functioning adults in society. provide for maintenance of internal and external order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy). provide meaning and motivation to its members. Thuman and Bennet

River Valley Civilizations Egypt Mesopotamia

Egypt

Favorable Geography Benefits of Nile Natural Boundaries Rich soil Water Transportation Natural Boundaries

Egyptian History Lower Egypt (north) Upper Egypt (south) Early gov’ts to control Nile Eventually combined: Lower Egypt (north) Upper Egypt (south) Old Kingdom 3,100-2,200 BC Pyramids built as tombs

Egyptian History Middle Kingdom 2,200-1,730 BC Age of Nobles Canal from Nile to Red Sea Ended by Hyksos with horses/chariots

Egyptian History New Kingdom 1,570-1100 BC The Empire Ramses II Tutankhamen

Egyptian Life Pharaoh=absolute monarch Privileged aristocracy Pharaoh & his family Nobles Priests Unprivileged masses Peasants Slaves

Egyptian Life Economic activities Religious beliefs Depended chiefly on agriculture Glassblowing Imported timber and copper Religious beliefs Polytheistic Mummification

Egyptian Contributions Math Surveyed land Art Huge stone statues Carved/painted various scenes Architecture & engineering Pyramids and temples Dams and irrigation canals

Egyptian Contributions Hieroglyphs on papyrus History Scientific/Math knowledge Government/Business records Science Solar-year calendar (365 days) Prepared mummies Recognized/Treated diseases

Mesopotamia

Fertile Crescent Divided into: East West Tigris and Euphrates river valleys (Mesopotamia) West Eastern Mediterranean coast

Influence of Geography Rivers/Coastline Seaports/trade developed Lack of stone Clay for construction & writing Low, level plains No natural barriers to invasion

Peoples Sumerians Babylonians Hebrews Phoenicians Lydians Hittites Assyrians Chaldeans Persians

Sumerians 4,000BC-Independent city-states Contributions Cuneiform on clay tablets System of numbers based on 60 Basis of time and rotation units Architecture Invented arch Built ziggurats

Babylonians 1750 BC led by Hammurabi Contributions Conquered other city-states Contributions Code of Hammurabi Astronomy Led to astrology

Hebrews Contributions 1400-1200 BC-moved from SE tip of Fertile Crescent to SW Conquered by various Mesopotamian peoples Contributions Monotheism Old Testament Emphasis on high moral principles

Phoenicians 1200-800 BC-north of Palestine on Mediterranean coast Traded throughout Mediterranean Established colonies Specialized in purple (royal color) Contributions Missionaries of civilization Alphabet

Lydians After 1000 BC lived in Asia Minor Contribution Coinage of money

Hittites About 2000 BC appeared in northern Asia Minor (area rich in iron) Contribution Iron

Assyrians After 800 BC built an empire Contributions Learned about iron from Hittites Conquered Fertile Crescent/Egypt Terrorized enemies and subjects Contributions Government Divided empire into provinces Built military roads Library Art

Chaldeans 612 BC overthrew Assyrians Contributions Gained control of Fertile Crescent Established 2nd Babylonian Empire Contributions Architecture Nebuchadnezzar- Hanging Gardens of Babylon Astronomy

Persians 6th century BC expanded from Plateau of Iran Contributions Largest empire yet seen Contributions Government Provinces ruled by satrap Eyes and Ears of the King Roads for military and trade Coined money

Persians (cont’d.) Contributions Spread of culture Religion Treated subject peoples humanely Adopted ideas and practices from their conquered peoples Stimulated interchange among peoples Religion Good and evil

River Valley Civilizations Egypt Mesopotamia