MOTIVATION

DEFINITION The willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organization goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need.

Motivation process Unsatisfied need Tension drives Search behavior Satisfied needs Reduction of tension

Contemporary theories Motivation theories Early theories Needs hierarchy theory Theory X, theory Y Hygiene theory Contemporary theories ERG theory Theory of needs Goal setting theory Equity theory

Hierarchy of Needs theory- Abraham Maslow self actualizaion esteem Social Safety Physiological

Theory X, Theory Y- Douglas McGregor Assumption by Managers Theory X Employee dislike work& avoid work Coerced and threatened with punishment Avoid responsibilities Place security above all Theory Y Work is as natural as rest or play Self directed and self controlled Learn to accept and seek responsibility Make innovative decisions

Hygiene theory – Frederick Herzberz Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction Hygiene factors Company policy Super vision Relationship with supervisor Work conditions Salary Relationship with peers Status security Motivators Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth

ERG theory – Clayton Alderer Providing basic material existence (maslow’s psychological and safety needs) Existence Interpersonal relationships Social and status desires (Maslow’s Social needs) Relatedness Personal development (Maslow’s Esteem and Self actualization needs) Growth

Theory of Needs – David McClelland Need for Achievement (Drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standard, to strive to succeed) Need for Power (The need to make others behave in a way they would not have behaved otherwise) Need for affiliation (The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships)

Goal Setting Theory – Edwin Locke Specific and difficult goals lead to higher performance Goal commitment Adequate self-efficacy (the individual’s belief that s/he is capable of performing a task National culture

Equity Theory – J.Stacy Adams Individuals compares their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond so as to eliminate any inequities. Ratio Comparisons Perceptions o/IA < o/IB ------------------------------inequity due to being under rewarded o/IA = o/IB ------------------------------equity o/IA > o/IB-------------------------------inequity due to being over rewarded *o/IA represents employee, o/IB represents colleagues Self –inside: experiences a different position inside his/her current position Self-outside: experiences in a situation or position outside his/her current organization Other-inside: another individual or group of individuals inside the employees’ organization Other-outside: another individual or group of individuals outside the employee’s organization

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