GENERATIONS OF MICROPROCESSORS PRESENTED BY: S.UMER HUSSAIN (294) ABDUL WAHAB (333) NOMAN ASLAM (307) MUSTAFA HAMID (206)

Introduction: Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. We divide the years of development of microprocessors as 5 generations

First generation (1971 – 73) Intel Corporation introduced 4004 There were three other microprocessors in the market during the same period: · Rockwell International’s PPS-4 (4 bits) · Intel’s 8008 (8 bits) · National Semiconductor’s IMP-16 (16 bits)

Intel 4004 1) Maximum clock speed of 740 kHz Intel 4004 1) Maximum clock speed of 740 kHz. 2) Up to 92600 instructions per second. 3) Separate program and data storage. 4) 12-bit addresses. 5) 8-bit instructions. 6) 4-bit words.

Rockwell International’s PPS-4 (4 bits) The Rockwell PPS-4 (aka PPS-4/1) was a 4-bit microprocessor designed by Rockwell International and first produced at the 3rd quarter of 1972. The chip came in a 42-pin quadruple in-line package

Intel’s 8008 (8 bits) 1) 8-bit microprocessor 2) Up to 800 KHz 3) 16 KB memory 4) 7-level deep stack 5) 8 In / 24 Out ports

National Semiconductor’s IMP-16 (16 bits) 1) 16-bit microprocessor 2) The IMP-16 provided four 16-bit accumulators

Second Generation (1974 – 1978) Marked the beginning of very efficient 8 – bit microprocessors. Some of the popular processors were: · Motorola’s 6800 and 6809 · Intel’s 8085 · Zilog’s Z80

Motorola’s 6800 and 6809 1) The 6800 was an 8-bit microprocessor 2) The 6800 has a 16-bit address bus that could directly access 64 KB of memory 3) The Motorola 6809 is an 8-bit (with some 16-bit features)microprocessor 4) 6809 were the use of two 8-bit accumulator.

Intel’s 8085 1) 8085 microprocessor is an 8 bit microprocessor Intel’s 8085 1) 8085 microprocessor is an 8 bit microprocessor. 2) 8085 microprocessor is a single chip, NMOS device implemented with 6200 transistors 3) 8085 microprocessor requires a single +5V DC power supply

Zilog’s Z80 1) The Zilog Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor 2)  It was launched in July 1976 and was widely used in both desktop computers

Third generation (1979 – 80) This age is dominated by 16 – bits microprocessors Some of them were: · Intel’s 8086/80186/80286 · Motorolla’s 68000/68010 They were designed using HMOS technology

Intel’s 8086/80186/80286 1) The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor 2) Data bus 8-bit. 3) Ran in real mode only.

Motorolla’s 68000/68010 1) The Motorola 68000 is a 32-bit CISC microprocessor 2) The Motorola MC 68010 processor is a 16/32-bit microprocessor 3) They were popular in personal computers and workstations.

Fourth Generation (1981 – 1995) · This era marked the beginning of 32 bits microprocessors · Intel introduced 432, which was bit problematic · Then a clean 80386 in launched. · Motorola introduced 68020/68030

Intel 432 iAPX 1) The iAPX 432 (Intel Advanced Performance Architecture), introduced in 1981. 2) 32-bit processor design.

Intel 80386 1) The Intel 80386 also known as i386 or just 386 Intel 80386 1) The Intel 80386 also known as i386 or just 386. 2)  32-bit microprocessor. 3)  x86 architecture.

Motorola 68020/68030 1) The Motorola 68020 is a 32-bit microprocessor released in 1984. 2) The Motorola 68030 is also a 32-bit microprocessor

Fifth Generation (1995 – till date) This age the emphasis is on introducing chips that carry on-chip functionalities and improvements in the speed of memory and I/O devices along with introduction of 64-bit microprocessors. Intel leads the show here with Pentium, Celeron and very recently dual and quad core processors working with up to 3.5GHz speed.

Intel Pentium 4 1) Pentium 4 was a line of single-core desktop, laptop and entry level server central processing units (CPUs) 2) They had a seventh-generation x86microarchitecture. 3) In 2004, the initial 32-bit x86 instruction set of the Pentium 4 microprocessors was extended by the 64-bit x86-64 set.

Intel Celeron 1) Celeron processors can run all IA-32 computer programs 2)  Originally based on Intel Pentium II architecture

Intel core 2 1) The Core 2 brand was introduced on 27 July 2006 2) Core 2 having a range of Intel's consumer 64-bit x86-64 single-, dual-, and quad-core microprocessors based on the Core microarchitecture

Core i series 1) The Core i3 range is entirely dual-core Core i series 1)  The Core i3 range is entirely dual-core. 2)  The i7 range are all quad-core. 3) Core i3 processors don't have Turbo Boost 4) The Core i7-6700, for example, has a base clock of 3.4GHz, but can 'boost' up to 4GHz.