Defining “Two or More Races”: A Turbulent Journey Robbie Janik - Assistant Director, Survey Research and Evaluation Averie Hamilton - Graduate Assistant, SRE Institutional Research and Decision Support

Race phenotype socially constructed Fluid concept a category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits socially constructed a class or kind of people unified by shared interests, habits, or characteristics Fluid concept Consequentially, accurately counting the multiple race population is a complex exercise (Jones & Bullock, 2013). So what is race? Depends on who you ask. INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Race cont. Expressed racial identities- the words and actions (e.g., races reported on official documents) that convey beliefs about an individual’s race (Harris & Sims, 2002) For simplicity sake, we will view race in our paper and presentation as outlined above INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

“Two or More Races” IPEDS U.S. 2000 Census IUPUI Allowed individuals to self-identify with more than one race U.S. 2000 Census By 2010, all institutions were required to report using new race categories IPEDS In 2010, began using the “Two or More Races” category in reporting IUPUI no longer forced to report monoracially INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

U.S. “Two or More Races” Overall1 (18-24 year olds)2 2000: 2.4% 2010: 2.9% (18-24 year olds)2 2014: 3.6% 1Jone & Bullock (2013) 2American Community Survey INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Gaps in the Literature Few have looked at statistical composition of “Two or More” Even fewer have examined changes in “Two or More” over time No published studies look at “Two or More” composition or behaviors in an institutional context So we did! INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Fall Undergraduate Enrollment   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Black / African American 2,312 (10%) 2,363 (11%) 2,411 (11%) 2,379 (11%) 2,352 (10%) 2,159 (10%) Asian American 708 (3%) 690 (3%) 735 (3%) 803 (4%) 804 (4%) 824 (4%) Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander 14 (<1%) 12 (<1%) 9 (<1%) 21 (<1%) 18 (<1%) 20 (<1%) Hispanic / Latino 777 (4%) 895 (4%) 1,076 (5%) 1,181 (5%) 1,269 (6%) 1,349 (6%) American Indian / Alaska Native 49 (<1%) 40 (<1%) 28 (<1%) 34 (<1%) 30 (<1%) Two or more races 340 (2%) 498 (2%) 692 (3%) 720 (3%) 796 (3%) 847 (4%) International 643 (3%) 629 (3%) 684 (3%) 786 (3%) 882 (4%) 881 (4%) White 16,906 (76%) 16,719 (75%) 16,278 (73%) 16,178 (72%) 16,148 (72%) 15,709 (71%) Unknown 496 (2%) 390 (2%) 358 (2%) 311 (2%) 226 (1%) 175 (1%) Total Student Headcount 22,245 22,236 22,271 22,409 22,525 21,985 INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

First Time Fall Beginners   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Black / African American 285 (10%) 320 (10%) 312 (9%) 323 (9%) 309 (8%) 268 (7%) Asian American 89 (3%) 88 (3%) 127 (4%) 153 (4%) 141 (3%) 145 (4%) Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander 3 (<1%) 1 (<1%) 0 (<1%) 2 (<1%) Hispanic / Latino 119 (4%) 179 (6%) 237 (7%) 290 (8%) 265 (7%) 295 (8%) American Indian / Alaska Native 2 (0%) 9 (<1%) Two or more races 105 (4%) 121 (4%) 183 (5%) 159 (4%) 205 (5%) International 70 (2%) 97 (3%) 113 (3%) 107 (3%) 114 (3%) White 2,222 (76%) 2,226 (73%) 2,323 (69%) 2,710 (71%) 2,960 (75%) 2,878 (73%) Unknown 31 (1%) 25 (1%) 48 (1%) 36 (1%) 197 (<1%) 18 (<1%) Total Student Headcount 2,925 3,059 3,359 3,795 3,949 3,929 INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Two or More Breakdown 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 White and Black   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 White and Black 90 (27%) 144 (29%) 205 (30%) 223 (31%) 261 (33%) 310 (36%) White and Asian 82 (24%) 114 (23%) 203 (29%) 196 (27%) 212 (27%) 212 (25%) White and American Indian/AK Native 83 (24%) 119 (24%) 130 (19%) 127 (18%) 137 (17%) 132 (16%) White, Black, American Indian/AK Native 13 (4%) 19 (4%) 32 (5%) 34 (5%) 39 (5%) 34 (4%) Black & American Indian/AK Native 20 (6%) 27 (5%) 23 (3%) 21 (3%) 26 (3%) Asian and Native Hawaiian 15 (4%) 19 (3%) 31 (4%) 40 (5%) Black & Asian 8 (2%) 11 (2%) 20 (3%) White, Asian, Native Hawaiian 9 (3%) 14 (3%) 22 (3%) 18 (2%) 19 (2%) Total 2 Races Selected 309 (91%) 450 (90%) 614 (89%) 635 (88%) 714 (90%) 764 (90%) Total 3 Races Selected 27 (8%) 42 (8%) 70 (10%) 76 (11%) 73 (9%) 74 (9%) All Two or More 340 498 692 720 796 847 INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Two or More Breakdown 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 White and Black   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 White and Black 90 (27%) 144 (29%) 205 (30%) 223 (31%) 261 (33%) 310 (36%) White and Asian 82 (24%) 114 (23%) 203 (29%) 196 (27%) 212 (27%) 212 (25%) White and American Indian/AK Native 83 (24%) 119 (24%) 130 (19%) 127 (18%) 137 (17%) 132 (16%) Total 75% 76% 78% 77% White, Black, American Indian/AK Native 13 (4%) 19 (4%) 32 (5%) 34 (5%) 39 (5%) 34 (4%) Black & American Indian/AK Native 20 (6%) 27 (5%) 23 (3%) 21 (3%) 26 (3%) Asian and Native Hawaiian 15 (4%) 19 (3%) 31 (4%) 40 (5%) Black & Asian 8 (2%) 11 (2%) 20 (3%) White, Asian, Native Hawaiian 9 (3%) 14 (3%) 22 (3%) 18 (2%) 19 (2%) Total 2 Races Selected 309 (91%) 450 (90%) 614 (89%) 635 (88%) 714 (90%) 764 (90%) Total 3 Races Selected 27 (8%) 42 (8%) 70 (10%) 76 (11%) 73 (9%) 74 (9%) All Two or More 340 498 692 720 796 847 INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

One-Year Retention Rates by Race/Ethnicity   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Black / African American 65% 66% 63% Asian American 91% 84% 85% 81% 82% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 2/3 1/1 2/2 5/7 Hispanic / Latino 72% 67% 73% American Indian/Alaska Native 5/6 3/6 4/7 7/13 2/6 Two or more races 59% 62% 68% International 78% 89% 87% 86% White 70% 71% Total Includes First-time Beginner & Transfer Students Includes Full-time & Part-time Includes Bachelor & Associate Degree Seeking Students INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

One-Year Retention Rates by Race/Ethnicity   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Black / African American 65% 66% 63% Asian American 91% 84% 85% 81% 82% Hispanic / Latino 72% 67% 73% Two or more races 59% 62% 68% International 78% 89% 87% 86% White 70% 71% INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Two or More Races One-Year Retention Rates   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overall Black / African American 65% 66% 63% White 70% 71% 73% Two or More (Black/White) 51% (n=51) 68% (n=56) 53% (n=79) 61% (n=75) 63% (n=78) 59% INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Two or More Races One-Year Retention Rates   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overall Asian 91% 84% 85% 81% 82% White 70% 71% 73% Two or More (Asian/White) 70% (n=30) 76% (n=33) 63% (n=94) 75% (n=52) 72% (n=53) INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Two or More Races One-Year Retention Rates   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overall American Indian/Alaska Native 5/6 3/6 4/7 7/13 2/6 61% White 70% 71% 73% Two or More (American Indian/ AK Native/White) 57% (n=42) 76% (n=46) 63% (n=31) 75% (n=35) 72% (n=32) 62% INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Two or More Races One-Year Retention Rates - Review   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overall Two or More (Asian/White) 70% (n=30) 76% (n=33) 63% (n=94) 75% (n=52) 72% (n=53) 70% Two or More (Black/White) 51% (n=51) 68% (n=56) 53% (n=79) 61% (n=75) 63% (n=78) 59% Two or More (American Indian/ Alaska Native/White) 57% (n=42) 76% (n=46) 63% (n=31) 75% (n=35) 72% (n=32) 62% Two or More (Other combos) 62% (n=29) 71% (n=34) 75% (n=47) 69% (n=55) 64% (n=45) 69% Two or More (All) 67% 68% 65% 64% INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Latino(a) Students Student automatically coded as Hispanic/Latino if that box is checked, even if identify with other races.   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Only Latino(a) 68% 60% 56% 52% 48% 45% Has at least 2 races checked including Latino(a) 32% 40% 44% 55% All Latino(a) Undergraduates 777 895 1076 1181 1269 1349   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 White and Latino(a) 179 (72%) 263 (74%) 368 (77%) 438 (78%) 529 (80%) 613 (82%) Black and Latino(a) 28 (11%) 41 (12%) 51 (11%) 56 (10%) 57 (9%) 52 (7%) White, American Indian/AK Native, Latino(a) 13 (5%) 14 (4%) 13 (3%) 16 (3%) 14 (2%) 12 (2%) White, Black, Latino(a) 6 (2%) 12 (3%) 18 (3%) 17 (3%) 21 (3%) American Indian/AK Native and Latino(a) 11 (4%) 15 (4%) 11 (2%) 9 (2%) 15 (2%) All “Two or More” Latino(a) 248 356 479 563 659 747 INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Latino(a) Students – One Year Retention Rates   2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overall Only Latino(a) 62% (n=101) 74% (n=148) 62% (n=174) 70% (n=198) 72% (n=163) 68% White and Latino(a) 72% (n=57) 70% (n=82) 72% (n=120) 79% (n=151) 73% (n=160) 74% Other two or more Latino(a) 61% (n=23) 70% (n=30) 77% (n=34) 67% (n=36) 71% (n=34) 69% All Latino(a) 65% 72% 67% 73% 71% INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Discussion: Rise in “Two or More” U.S. Census 2000 and 2010: 18-24 is the age group most likely to indicate “Two or More Races” Our data also show a steady rise in the “Two or More” Could communicate actual increase in mixed-race population More likely attributable to: Youth being raised in a society that increasingly espouses the virtues of diversity1 Youth make efforts to stress the legitimacy of multi-racial identity1 Age groups disagree about how recently mixed one must be to report being multiracial 2 1Harris & Sims, 2002 2 Nobles, 2000; OMB, 1997 INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Discussion Cont. Disproves Hutnik’s 1986 theory- those belonging to like “Two or More Races” behave most like individuals from the high status, dominant majority group Asian/white retention rates are closest to white Black/African American/white rates are closest to Black/African American INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Discussion Are all “two or more races” created equal? Data demonstrates they behave differently (e.g., retention rates) INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS

Questions? INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS