Challenges to European Dominance The World in the 1920s Challenges to European Dominance

3 Major Patterns Incomplete recovery of W. Europe after WWI- economies and politics in disarray Growing industrial strength of the U.S. and Japan Results of major revolutions

Western Europe after the War Mid-1920s a period of stability and calm Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 outlawed war forever Political calm- fewer extremist groups and polarization of existing politics Cultural creativity (Cubist movement in art- Picasso) Mass consumption up Women gain suffrage (U.S., Britain, Germany)

Fascism in Italy 1919 Benito Mussolini formed “union for struggle” Italians upset at terms at Versailles (they gained little) Fascism promoted the building of a strong state under a strong leader and the need for an aggressive, nationalist foreign policy 1922 Italian king asked Mussolini to form a new government 1926 suspended elections and began propaganda campaign about the glories of conquest

New Nations of East Central Europe Modeled politics after the west Nationalist assignment Primarily agrarian societies that wouldn’t undertake serious land reform

Industrial Societies Outside Europe 1921 imperial conference determined that self-governing dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand) considered coequals 1926 resolution defined them as autonomous communities Canada developed vibrant economy, become destination for immigrants

Rise of America U.S. tradition of isolationism Communist scare Presence in world economics- U.S. corporations grew rapidly in the 1920s partly due to organization and innovation of U.S. businesses Exported U.S. culture- first mass-consumer society led to marketing and advertising developments. Dance, music, fashion, movies

Japan Japan’s commitment to parliamentary democracy challenged after the war (Japan had a parliament modeled on the German parliament). Experimented with liberal dem. All adult males got suffrage. Military leaders tried to take a greater role at expense of civilians and politicians Economy- agricultural production increased. 1905-1918 industrial boom- increased population Consumer culture emerged Education advanced Vulnerable economy because still importing a lot

Mexican Revolution- Causes Porfirio Diaz (in power since 1876) increased the economy but with foreign investment, thus upsetting the peasantry Dictator who stifled dissent Peasants want political and land reform Education Nationalism

Players in the Revolution 1910- Diaz is open to allowing someone to take over but then rigs the election and has Madero arrested Francisco Madero called for revolt and assumes leadership Pancho Villa led rebellion in the north Emilio Zapata led a peasant-based guerilla movement for “Land and Liberty” Military coup removes Madero and General Huerta tried to impose a Diaz-type government supported by landowners, the army, and foreign companies Revolts continued and leadership went back and forth and eventually Obregon elected president in 1920

End of the Mexican Revolution 1917 constitution land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, limited church ownership of property, educational reforms One-party system created at the end of the war in order to ensure the revolutionary changes leaders fought for, thus PRI (Party of Institutionalized Revolution) PRI dominated Mexican politics in the 20th century but incorporated many groups; so while Mexico was a multi-party democracy only one party really held power had some limits with the new term limits on the presidency

Russian Revolution: The Beginning March 1917 strikes and food riots break out in St. Petersburg spurred by wartime misery, food shortages, incomplete rural reform, and unresponsive political system Council of workers (soviet) took over Tsar abdicated

Liberal Government? Not for us! Brief experiment with liberal government under Alexander Kerensky Slow reform led to a second revolution in November which brought the radical Bolshevik to power under Lenin

Lenin Treaty of Brest-Litovsk angered Russians because of lost territory End of WWI allowed Lenin to consolidate power Created Council of People Commissars Shut down parliament and the Communist Party would rule Russia until 1989 1918-1921 Civil war

Lenin’s Reforms Red Army under Leon Trotsky 1921 New Economic Policy, which reduced economic disarray and granted some freedom to small business owners 1923 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Supreme Soviet – parliament New groups have political voice: youth, women, workers 1924 Lenin died leaving leadership crisis

Stalin: “Steel” Represented nationalist version of communism Killed rivals Collectivization Aristocratic class gone

China: Crisis Before the Fall of the Qing Foreign countries controlled trade and economic resources People divided between those who wanted to modernize and those who wanted to go back to traditional ways

1912- Fall of the Qing Kuomintang- Nationalist Party wanted modernization They overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty in 1912 Military commanders competed for power for next 30 years with secret societies, nationalist groups, and the Japanese 1912 Sun Yat-sen, head of revolutionary alliance, resigned as president due to lack of popular support and Yuan Shikai took over Yuan Shikai began ruling as a dictator, which people resented Shikai died in 1916 and chaos erupted Peasants suffered most in uneasy times in China

World War I and the May Fourth Movement China joined the allies during the war but didn’t get anything from it Treaty of Versailles gave Japan former German territory in China May 4, 1919 demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles and Europeans Demonstrations spread to other cities and is named the May Fourth Movement Many people turn against the nationalists and join the communists

Alternative? 1920s radical solution needed and emerged as part of the nationalist movement Li Dazhao- altered communist ideology to fit China- peasants were the drivers of change 1921 communist party born at a meeting in Shanghai

Communist Party Young intellectuals viewed Soviet Union under Lenin a model for political and economic change 1921 Chinese Communist Party formed. Mao Zedong one of its founders Lenin helps the communist party Kuomintang under Sun Yat Sen allies itself with the communists out of frustration with the west

Sun Yat-sen Returns 1919 Sun Yat-sen returned to China to lead the Nationalist party 1924 Whampoa Military Academy produced the military element necessary to combat the warlords Chiang Kai-shek emerged from this 1925 Sun Yat-sen died and Kai-shek assumed power

Ching Kai-shek Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 and Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) took over 1927 moved against the communists in the Shanghai Massacre 1928 Kai-shek became president of the Nationalist Republic of China Kai-shek not good to the peasants, who began to turn to the communists for help

Communism Gains Ground 1930 Nationalists and Communists in bloody civil war 1934 Long March- communists march 6,000 miles north and regroup 1937 Japan invaded China and the Nationalists needed the help of the Communists, so war between them suspended