Gandhinagar Institute of Technology Fluid power engineering-2151903 Active Learning Assignment TOPIC: Hydropower plant and Hydraulic Machines Prepared By: Mehta Sagar - 130120119193 Shah Darshan - 130120119199 Shah Deep - 130120119200 Shah Harsh - 130120119202 Guided By: Prof. Manjulata Pal

INTRODUCTION In hydroelectric power station potential and kinetic energy of stored water is converted into electric energy . For hydro power station factors like rainfall,steam flow available head and storage facilities are studied. 25% of electricity generation capacity in world is provided by hydel power plant. In the countries like Norvey 99% electricity is produced by hydelpowerplant.

4% of the total hydel energy potential in world is in India. In India 25.32% of total electricity generation capacity is produced by hydel power plant. As per rocords of March-2000 23,816 MW electricity was generated by hydel power plant. It is increasing day by day because of the institutes like National Hydro Power Corporation Limited(NHPCL).

PURPOSES OF MULTIPURPOSE HYDROPROJECT For irrigation of agricultural land. For navigation. For fisheries and tourism. For flood control. For civil water supply. For generation of electricity.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF HYDEL POWER PLANT

Catchment area 2. Reservoir 3. Dam The Catchment area of a plant is the whole area behind the dam, draining into stream or river across which the dam has been built. 2. Reservoir Whole of water available from catchment area is collected in reservoir behind dam. 3. Dam Dam is built across a river to increase the height of water level to increse the reservoir capacity.

4. Trash rack To prevent the entry of debris which might damage the fixed blades and runner of turbine or chokeup nozzles of impulse turbines. 5. Forebay These are kind of storage tanks which are present at end of head race pipe or canal to serve as a regulating reservoir for temporary storage of water.

6. Surge Tank 7. Pen stock 8. Spillway It provides better regulation of water in system during variable load conditions. 7. Pen stock To carry water under the pressure from the large reservoirs to the turbines. 8. Spillway To discharge major floods without damage to the dam and same time keeps the reservoir level below pre determined levels.

9. Turbine 10. Draft Tube 11. Tail race To convert kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy to produce electric energy. 10. Draft Tube The draft tube is essential part of reaction turbine. 11. Tail race It is a passage for discharging water leaving the turbine or draft tube into river.

Site selection for hydropower plant Availability of water Water Storage Water Head Catchment Area Availability of land and type of land Accessibility of Site Distance from load centre

Availability of Water The availability of water at site is an important aspect as plant should be constructed where there is adequate water available at large quantity. Estimate should be made on average water available throughout the year as it decides the type of peak load and to provide adequate spillway or gate relief during flood.

2. Water Storage Since storage of water is essential at height or dam across the river in order to have continuous and perennial supply during dry season. The maximum storage capacity can be determined by hydrograph or analytical methods.

3. Water Head In order to provide a requisite quantity of power it is necessary that a large quantity of water at sufficient head should be available.

4.Catchment Area The reservoir must have a large catchment area so that level of water in the reservoir may not fall below the minimum limit required in dry season.

5.Availability of Land & type of land The land selected should be cheap and rocky in order to withstand the weight of dam and heavy machinery. The rocks should be strong enough to withstand the stresses transmitted from dam structure as well as when the reservoir is full of water.

6. Accessibility of site Adequate transportation facilities must be available or there should be possibility of providing the same so that the necessary machinery could be available easily.

7. Distance from load centre The site where hydro electric power plant is to be constructed should be near to the load centre so that the cost of power transmission is minimized.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDEL POWER PLANT

According to availability of water:- a) Run of river plant without pondage b) Run-off river plant with pondage c) Storage plant d) Pump storage plant According to head :- a) Low head plant b) Medium head plant c) High head plant According to load :- a) Base load plant b) Peak load plant

According to plant capacity:- a) Microhydal plant (upto 5 MW ) b) Medium capacity plant ( 5-100 MW ) c) High capacity plant (100 MW ) d) super plant ( above 100 MW ) According to place of power house:- a) Surface power house plant b) Under ground power house plant According to turbine specific speed:- a) High specific speed plant b) Medium specific speed plant c) Low specific speed plant

WATER TURBINES USED IN HYDEL POWER PLANT PELTON TURBINE FRANCIS TURBINE KAPLAN TURBINE

PELTON WHEEL

KAPLAN TURBINE

ADVANTAGES OF HYDEL POWER PLANT This plant is free from pollution. Its operation and maintenance cost is less. It has no stand by losses. Unit cost of power is less. Hydraulic turbines can be started speedily. The plant has longer service life. No fuel is required. No change in efficiency with the age.

Disadvantages of hydel power plant Initial cost of dam and plant is high. The availability of power from it is not much reliable. Loss of forest creates environmental problems. Due to evaporation , considerable water is lost. Time required for construction of hydroproject is more.

AUXILIARIES ATTACHED WITH HYDEL POWER PLANT. Mechanical instruments Shaft coupling,journal bearings,thrust bearings Lubricating oil system Cooling system Brake system for generator-turbine shaft Electrical instruments Generator Exciter,transformers Switch gears Other instruments of control room

What is Hydraulics ? Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of fluids. On a very basic level Hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of fluids in order to produce some mechanical work.

Classification of Hydraulic Machines Hydraulic press Hydraulic accumulator Hydraulic intensifier Hydraulic crane Hydraulic jack Hydraulic ram Hydraulic lift Fluid or hydraulic coupling Fluid or hydraulic torque convertor

Hydraulic press Function:- It is used for lifting heavy load by the application of much smaller force. It is work on principal of Pascal’s law: Pressure intensity at = pressure intensity at piston plunger W/ A = F / a Where, F=force applied on the plunger W=weight to be lifted A=area of piston a=area of plunger

Hydraulic accumulator Function: It is used to store energy of liquid under pressure & this energy may be supplied for any sudden requirement to hydraulic machine such as presses , lifts & cranes. 1) Simple Accumulator Capacity of accumulator: It means how much energy it can store. C.O.A.=∏/4 *D * p * L Where, D=diameter of the ram L=stroke or lift of the ram p=pressure intensity of supplied liquid W=load lifted by the ram 2

2) Differential hydraulic accumulator: Capacity of accumulator: C.O.A.=p * ∏/4* (D - d ) * L Where, D=external diameter of brass bush d=diameter of fixed ram L=vertical lift of the sliding cylinder W=total load 2 2

Hydraulic intensifier Function: It is used to increase the intensity of pressure of liquid by means of energy available from a large quantity of water at a low pressure. p =intensity of pressure of water from supply to the larger fixed cylinder D =outer diameter of sliding cylinder A =cross section area of sliding cylinder p =intensity of high pressure liquid in the fixed ram D =outer diameter of fixed ram A =cross section area of fixed ram 1 1 1 2 2 2 Force exerted in Downward direction = upward direction p A = p A 1 2 1 2

Hydraulic crane Function : It is used for raising or transferring heavy loads(up to 250 tonnes ) & is widely used on dock sliding , warehouses , or workshops.

Hydraulic jack Function : It is used for lifting heavy load through small vertical distance by the application of much smaller effort.

Hydraulic lift 1) Direct acting hydraulic lift Function : It is used for carrying persons & loads from one floor to another floor in multi storeyed buildings. 1) Direct acting hydraulic lift

2) Suspended hydraulic lift Application type pic require

Hydraulic ram Function : It is used for pumping small quantity of water to higher levels from the available large quantity of water of low level(low head).

Fluid coupling Function : It is used for transmitting power or torque from one shaft to another shaft with help of an oil , without mechanical connection between the two shafts Efficiency of fluid coupling : Power at driven shaft η = Power at driving shaft

Air lift pump Function : It is used to lift water from a deep well or sump by using compressed air.

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