FIGURE 3.1.1.1 Triflic acid [trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TA)]

Figure 3.1.1.2 Pipetting Devices Commonly Used in Laboratories

FIGURE 3. 1. 1. 3 Ranges of Sizes for airborne particles FIGURE 3.1.1.3 Ranges of Sizes for airborne particles. Air can contain many sizes of particles that can be inhaled. There should be none of these in a laboratory. Any procedure that generates any of these particles should be conducted in a chemical hood. Industrial manufacturing facilities are a more likely site to encounter these particles. All sizes are approximate; different reference sources disagree about these ranges.

FIGURE 3.1.1.4 Relationship Between Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point. This sketch shows that liquids with low boiling points will have high vapor pressures. What are the safety concerns when using liquids with high vapor pressures?

FIGURE 3. 1. 1. 5 Relationship Between Vapor Pressure and Temperature FIGURE 3.1.1.5 Relationship Between Vapor Pressure and Temperature. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation predicts that vapor pressure increases non-linearly as temperature increases. What are the safety concerns when using liquids at high temperatures?

FIGURE 3. 1. 2. 1 Ether Structure and Laboratory Chemical Container FIGURE 3.1.2.1 Ether Structure and Laboratory Chemical Container. Ethyl ether is a common laboratory chemical, also called “diethyl ether” and “ether.” It is very flammable and tends to form dangerous peroxides if stored over extended periods of time. Improper use of ethyl ether has caused lab fires and personal injury when proper precautions were not taken.

FIGURE 3.1.2.2 Hazard Communication Standard Pictograms and associated Hazard Classes. These pictograms are commonplace in labels and SDSs as a result of the implementation of GHS in the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard Revision of 2012.

FIGURE 3. 1. 2. 3 Examples of DOT Transport diamonds with pictograms FIGURE 3.1.2.3 Examples of DOT Transport diamonds with pictograms. These pictograms can be found on shipping boxes and on placards on the outside of trucks transporting hazardous chemicals. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Hazard Communication 2012: One Year of Implementation, Webinar, July 13, 2013, found at https://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/webinar/schc_webinar_72513_clean.pptx, (accessed Jul 2015).

FIGURE 3. 1. 2. 4. Sample Label Using the GHS format FIGURE 3.1.2.4 Sample Label Using the GHS format. This will become that standardized label seen on all containers and bottles of chemicals as the GHS is implemented in the coming years. (Hazard Communication Standard, Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

FIGURE 3.1.2.5 NFPA Diamond. The fire diamond may be found in chemical laboratories. The ratings indicate the hazard level under fire conditions, not necessarily ambient laboratory conditions. Reprinted with permission from NFPA 704–2012, System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response, Copyright  2011 National Fire Protection Association. This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety. The classification of any particular material within this system is the sole responsibility of the user and not the NFPA. NFPA bears no responsibility for any determination of any values for any particular material classified or represented using this system.

FIGURE 3. 1. 2. 6 Laboratory Chemical Bottle with NFPA Diamond FIGURE 3.1.2.6 Laboratory Chemical Bottle with NFPA Diamond. It is important to know the meaning of the ratings (0–4) in the fire diamond to properly assess the various hazard levels of health, flammability, and reactivity.