Prejudice

Basics What is prejudice? Prej vs. stereotypes vs. discrimination Does it have to be negative? Does it have to be held by high status group? Is it implicit or explicit or both? (IAT?) Blatant vs. subtle? How can it be measured? Katz & Braly, 1933 LaPiere, 1934 What are the “primitive categories?”

Sneetches (Dr. Seuss) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBCUkdd57qc

What causes prejudice? Dual process models Learning perspectives Intergroup perspectives Motivational approaches Cognitive approaches/automaticity Threat approaches Evolutionary approaches Individual difference approaches Justification approaches

Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) vs. self-categorization theory What does the theory suggest? Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel, 1970) What are our social identities? What determines what is salient? What do these social identities do for us? How can we deal with a negative social identity? What determines choice? Ingroup positivity vs. outgroup derogation Brewer’s Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

Threat/Intergroup theories Relative deprivation theory (Davis, 1959) Realistic group conflict theory (Sherif, 1966) Robber’s Cave study (Sherif, Harvey, White, Hood, & Sherif, 1961) Integrated threat theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000) Realistic threats Symbolic threats Intergroup anxiety Negative stereotypes Intergroup emotions theory (Smith, 1993) Fear, disgust, contempt, anger, jealousy Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2008: status and competition (competence and warmth)

From Neuberg & Cottrell, 2006 (example of evolutionary approach) Threat to ingroup Cues to threat Emotion moderators Physical safety Large size, male, anger Fear/flight responses Dark, belief in DW Physical health Unclean, deformed Disgust/avoidance response Contact, PVD, pregnancy, being sick, priming, disgust Competence Have more resources Envy; increase own resources Group morality Hurt by ingroup Guilt/justify, help Group functioning due to inability to reciprocate disabled Pity/sympathy Avoidance response Benefit ingroup Admiration/ Approach response Reciprocity relations by choice (social coordination, economic resources) Unfamiliar Anger/fight response Eco stress, PWE

Justification perspectives Social dominance theory (Sidanius & Paratto, 2012) System justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994)

JSM Model (Crandall & Eshleman, 2003) What is their view of prejudice? What is “genuine prejudice”? Is it an implicit attitude? What is new in this model? Is this a Freudian theory? What factors lead to GP? Are some of these sources of prejudice more important than others? What is the difference between GP and an implicit attitude?

Do we know what our real levels of GP are? What is the role/effect of education? Group affiliation? Is there a prejudiced person, or many prejudices? What are the implications of the model for prejudice reduction?

Suppression What is suppression? How can you test for suppression? What are sources of suppression? What makes it harder? How can we make it easier?

Justifications What are they? How do they relate to suppression? (Also, see Table 1) Examples Status quo Social hierarchy Attributions Covering Beliefs Intergroup processes

Integrated Model of Prejudice (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998) Research by Nail and Harton Liberals vs. conservatives Modern/symbolic racism (McConahay, 1986, Kinder & Sears, 1981) vs. Aversive racism (Gaertner & Dovidio, 1986) Ambivalent racism (Katz & Hass, 1988) How does this fit in with JSM?

Types of prejudice What does it mean to say that race is socially constructed? What affects how someone is categorized? How is prejudice different in other countries? Should you use race or ethnicity terms? What determines whether a group is seen as diverse? Are diverse workgroups good or bad? How do sexism and ageism differ from racism?

Ways to reduce—contact Contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954) What are the four conditions? How likely/common are these conditions? Whom do they have the most effect on? Are there times that contact is bad? Jigsaw classroom

Ways to reduce--categorization Common in-group identity model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000) Decategorization vs. recat vs. mutual differentiation vs. nested or cross-cutting identities—what should be our goal? Colorblind vs. multi-culturalism

Effects of discrimination (Barreto & Ellemers, 2015) How well do people identify discrimination? Why is it so hard to recognize? Is it better for those involved to see discrimination or not? When does it build up to the point that people will act (link to article last week)? If a person is discriminated against, what are the advantages vs. disadvantages of identifying with the group more highly?

What are the social costs and benefits of confronting prejudice? What are the differences in dealing with discrimination for concealable vs. nonconcealable stigmas? What about when one individual from the group succeeds? Does that help the group? What are the social costs and benefits of confronting prejudice? Why are people less likely to confront than they think?

What do you think of the methodologies for most of the studies in this article? What is the take home perspective?

Next week Test questions and test Location? Attitudes Chapter in book 2 PR articles AP article