Chinese Civil War

Formation of the Chinese Republic The Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644 The people of China, under nationalist leader Sun Yixian, demanded: “Nationalism”  The end of foreign domination & influence “Democracy”  Formation of a representative government “People’s Livelihood”  A modernized & industrialized economy to provide security for the people of China

Formation of the Chinese Republic Sun Yixian - Leader of the Kuomintang Kuomintang  China’s Nationalist Party Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, but… “The Chinese people…do not have national spirit. Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in China…they are just a heap of loose sand.” Sun could not unite China Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns democratic reforms China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlords

World War I & The Treaty of Versailles In 1917, China declares war on Germany China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of China Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territory

Jiang Jieshi

Jiang Jieshi Emerged as the leader of the Nationalist Party after the death of Sun Yixian in 1925.

Jiang Jieshi & the Nationalists Feared communism Supported by bankers and businessmen Over saw a corrupt government

Discontent in China Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy May 4th Movement

The Chinese Communist Party Established in 1921 Challenged the authority of the Nationalists. Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao Zedong Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917

Mao Zedong Student of Marxism However, he believed the communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTS

Mao Zedong Mao believed that communist success depended on gaining the support of the peasants.

Chinese Civil War Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against communists Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghai Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of China The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of Communist Party in China

Chinese Civil War The Long March Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists and surrounds them 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 mile-journey (The Long March) Tens of thousands die due to Starvation Battle wounds Exposure to the cold Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China.

Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles Luding Bridge

Cave dwellings in Shaanxi Red Army troops crossing the snowy mountains Mao on the Long March Communist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March

Chinese Civil War Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasants Established themselves in the countryside of south-central China Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help from Soviet Union Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfare

The Manchurian Incident

The Mukden Incident, also known as the Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China, known as Manchuria, in 1931.

In 1931, Japan was in the need of natural resources In 1931, Japan was in the need of natural resources. They tried to find resources in other countries, but without good production in their own country they couldn't afford it. The little resources they had, needed to be used on themselves. They had interest in a small piece of land in China called Manchuria. The Japanese needed an excuse to invade the land so they placed a bomb in the railway tracks of one of their own stations. Then, they blamed this attack on China. In response, the Japanese took control of Manchuria, obtaining the natural resources they needed.

Manchuria – was rich in natural resources (iron and coal) that Japan needed to support its industry. Japan created a puppet state called Manchukuo .

Japanese Invasion In 1937 the Japanese launched an all-out war against China. The Nationalists and Communists joined together to battle the Japanese.

Chinese Civil War: Japanese Invasion Time Out!!! The Civil War between the Nationalists and Red armies is suspended Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese invasion TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II… Japanese troops entering Shenyang

Communist Victory After WWII the Nationalists and Communists resumed their civil war. In 1949 Communists soldiers swept into Beijing.

The Peoples Republic of China In 1949 Mao announced the birth of The Peoples Republic of China. Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan.

Early Agrarian Changes Co-operative Farms 1953-1955 Peasants joined land in mutual aid teams Shared tools, animals, fertilizer Shared work Successful Collective Farms 1955-57 Joined cooperative farms together Peasants lost land and became wage laborers Government got a cut of the profit Unsuccessful

The Great Leap Forward 1958-1966 Mao’s plan to increase industrial and agricultural output.

Great Leap Forward Agriculture Industry Massive communes set up from collective farms (25,000) Jobs split into teams Controlled by Communist Party Members Paid according to need, not work Long Hours, poor conditions Industry Massive mobilization of labor Irrigation and flood control a primary interest Also stressed industrial development Massive errors in planning

Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution 1966

The Four Olds Old Ideology Old Thought Old Habits Old Customs

The Cultural Revolution 1966 Renew communist loyalties Red Guards attacked professors and other officials. China closes to the outside world. People fear arrest or exile.

A short intro to the Red Guard The Red Guard is the name given to the hundreds of thousands of students who left their schools to spread Mao’s message They were responsible for a majority of the chaos created during the Cultural Revolution They traveled the countryside and visited factories, etc. to spread the message At the end of the Cultural Revolution, they were sent to the countryside to ‘learn from the peasants’

Influence – The Red Guard They had the workers arrange meetings so frequent that production came to a standstill Anyone who complained was accused of being a bourgeois, etc. Vandalism was also common, as the Red Guard started to stamp out authorities, like the leader of the factory, etc. High levels of violence ensued This meant that national output fell dramatically during the course of the Cultural Revolution This caused the Chinese economy to be crippled through the three-year duration of the Cultural Revolution

THE LITTLE RED BOOK

Social Reforms Women received equality under the law. Literacy increased.

China After Mao Great Leap led to disaster. Cultural Revolution created chaos in China. Many lost faith in their hero Mao Zedong. Mao died in 1976