Bellwork What is the difference between the plasma membrane and the cell wall?

2.1 Section Objectives – page 35 Today’s Objective: Identify the functions of different cellular parts and organelles. Can be found in the book: p. 124-131 2.1 Section Objectives – page 35

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Your body contains different structures and organs that each have a specific job. In the same way, cells have different structures and organelles (tiny organs) that each have their own specific function which helps the cell survive. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Cellular Boundaries • The plasma membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that maintains homeostasis. • All cells (eukaryotic and prokaryotic) have a plasma membrane. Plasma membrane Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Cellular Boundaries Bacteria (pro.), Plants (euk.), Fungi (euk.), and Protista (euk.), have an additional boundary. Cell Wall Plasma membrane The cell wall is a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that provides additional support and protection. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Cellular Boundaries • The cell wall is not flexible • It is made of a carbohydrate, cellulose (fiber), which is very porous and is not selective about which molecules can enter into the cell Cell Wall Plasma membrane Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Cellular Boundaries

DISCUSS WITH YOUR NEIGHBOR (I’M GOING TO RANDOMLY CALL ON SOMEONE) Cell wall Question Inside cell What is the difference between the cell wall and the plasma membrane? Outside cell Plasma membrane Chapter Assessment

SPACE INSIDE THE CELL Cytoplasm is the clear, gelatinous fluid inside the cell. This is a space in which most organelles move. It makes up a little more than HALF the volume in a cell.

Cell Control Center The master set of directions for making proteins is contained in DNA. Prokaryotic cells only have one long strand of DNA Eukaryotic cells have different amounts of DNA. When the cell is about to divide, the DNA strands coil up into structures called chromosomes.

Cell Control Center In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is found floating in the cytoplasm…. Nucleus In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found inside the nucleus.

Cell Control Center Nucleus Just as every team needs a leader, the cell needs a leader to give directions. Nucleus The nucleus is the leader of the eukaryotic cell because it contains directions to make proteins. Every part of the cell depends on proteins, so by containing the blueprints to make proteins, the nucleus controls the actions of all the organelles.

Assembly, Transport, and Storage Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have tiny organelles called ribosomes. Ribosomes are the sites where the cell produces proteins according to the directions in the DNA. They are tiny protein factories. Ribosomes

DISCUSS WITH YOUR NEIGHBOR (I’M GOING TO RANDOMLY CALL ON SOMEONE) Question Instead of a nucleus, describe the control center for a prokaryotic cell. Plasma membrane Ribosomes DNA Cell wall Section 3 Check

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Assembly, Transport, and Storage The ER is a highly folded organelle in eukaryotic cells where chemical reactions take place. If you were to unfold the ER, it would take up too much room. Ribosomes Ribosomes become attached to ER (called Rough ER) where they carry out protein synthesis. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Assembly, Transport, and Storage The Smooth ER is the site of lipid production in eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes do not attach to Smooth ER. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Assembly, Transport, and Storage After proteins are made in eukaryotic cells, they leave the ER and go to another organelle called the Golgi apparatus Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Assembly, Transport, and Storage The Golgi apparatus: • is shaped like a stack of pancakes pinched in the middle. • it sorts, packages, and sends proteins to their appropriate destination. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Assembly, Transport, and Storage Vacuoles are membrane-bound spaces used for temporary storage of materials in eukaryotic cells. Notice the difference between vacuoles in plant and animal cells. Plant Cell Vacuole Animal Cell Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Recycling Lysosomes are organelles in eukaryotic cells that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Energy Transformers There are two organelles that provide energy in the cell. Chloroplasts are organelles that capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time in eukaryotic PLANT cells. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

PHOTOSYNTHESIS The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars. These sugars are then converted to complex carbohydrates, starches, and stored.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide Sugar and + Water Sugar and Oxygen Sunlight 

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Energy Transformers Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 MITOCHONDRIA Energy Transformer Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237 Cellular Respiration The process by which mitochondria release energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen (O2 ). Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237

It is the reverse process of photosynthesis Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP + Glucose Oxygen Gas Carbon Dioxide Water Energy It is the reverse process of photosynthesis

DISCUSS WITH YOUR NEIGHBOR (I’M GOING TO RANDOMLY CALL ON SOMEONE) Question 6 In what type of cell would you find chlorophyll (green pigment that absorbs light energy)? A. prokaryote B. animal C. plant D. fungus Chapter Assessment

Answer The answer is C. Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chapter Assessment

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Support and Locomotion Cells have a support structure called the cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton forms a framework for the cell However, unlike a human skeleton, the cytoskeleton is constantly changing. It can be dismantled in one place, and reassembled somewhere else in the cell, changing the cell’s shape Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Support and Locomotion Some prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell surfaces have cilia and flagella, which are structures that aid in locomotion or feeding. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Support and Locomotion Cilia Cilia are short, numerous, hair-like projections that move in a wavelike motion. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Support and Locomotion Flagella are long projections that move in a whip-like motion. Flagella and cilia are the major means of locomotion in unicellular organisms. Flagella Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Section 3 Summary – page 179-187 Reproductive Structures Centrioles are organelles found in eukaryotic animal cells that play an important role in cell division. They help pull apart the chromosomes, so each new cell will have an equal amount. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187

Question 1 A. act as selectively permeable membrane B. provide support What is the primary function of the cell wall? A. act as selectively permeable membrane B. provide support C. control activity of organelles D. acquire nutrients from environment Section 3 Check

Answer The answer is B. The cell wall is an inflexible, porous barrier that provides support but does not select which molecules can enter the cell. Section 3 Check

Question 3 A. Golgi apparatus B. Ribosome C. Vacuole D. Lysosome Which of the following structures is the site of protein synthesis? A. Golgi apparatus B. Ribosome C. Vacuole D. Lysosome Section 3 Check

Answer The answer is B. Ribosomes are the sites where the cell produces proteins according to the directions of DNA. They can be attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum or float freely in the cytoplasm. Section 3 Check

Question 4 What is the advantage of having numerous folds in the ER? A. It enables the ER to lie snugly against the nucleolus. B. It can create more vesicles. C. It can capture more light energy with more folds. D. A large amount of work can be done in a small space. Section 3 Check

Answer The answer is D. The ER is arranged in a series of folded membranes, which, if spread out, would take up tremendous space. Section 3 Check

Question 8 Which of these structures packages proteins into membrane-bound structures? A. B. C. D. Chapter Assessment

Answer Answer C depicts the Golgi apparatus, which sorts proteins and packs them into vesicles. Chapter Assessment

Question 12 Which of the following structures is found in both plant and animal cells? A. chloroplast B. cell wall C. mitochondria D. centrioles Chapter Assessment