Chapter 18: The Failure of Empire, 1519-1556 The Holy Roman Empire and Charles V: seen as a force to stop Muslim advances in Europe, loose confederation The Ottoman Empire: was seen as the main threat to southeast Europe The Hapsburg Family: the powerful family that Charles was from, from Austria (dads side) and Spain (his mothers side), super powerful and super Catholic, after 1516 ruled all of this! The Battle of Vienna (1529): the Turks were stopped by the HRE King Charles I of France: saw HRE as too powerful and a threat Supported: the Ottoman Empire, politics over religion (fought a fellow Christian) Some in the HRE’s Imperial Diet (assembly) became Lutheran for: political reasons Loosened the grip the Catholic Emperor: had on them

German kingdom of Prussia: established by German leaders who became Protestant to take away land from Catholic Church HRE divided by years of religious: Warfare, Protestant vs Catholic German Wars of Religion led: Charles V to step down in frustration Peace of Augsburg (1555): freedom for local German princes, not a personal decision a state decision, if your prince became Protestant you had to too The RCC and HRE were: seriously weakened during this time

Centralization Long living monarchs brought: political stability to nations they ruled Spain over 200 years had only: 6 kings France over 200 years had only: 5 kings Kings began to take more of a role in the affairs of : the church in their nations Spanish Inquisition used for: political purposes not just for religious questions

Henry VIII and annulment: wanted annulment to marry another who might give him a male heir The Church of England (Anglican Church): Henry broke with Rome to start own church, giving himself permission to remarry Episcopal Church: the American branch of this church Archbishop of Canterbury: the religious head of the Anglican Church Church land given to: political allies Calvinists/ Puritans: They want to purify Anglican Church and eliminate Catholic influence

Common Language increased: a sense of unity and nationalism Spain: Castilian official language Cervantes: Don Quixote written in Castilian Protestant rejection of the Latin Vulgate: increased printing of bible in the vernacular Luther’s German Bible influenced: formation of modern German King James Version of Bible: influenced formation of modern English William Shakespeare: popular English author

Absolutism and Constitutionalism Absolutism: lack of checks on the power of the king Estates General: the legislature in France, often not called into session Louis XIV: The Sun King, had total control in France , whole government revolved around him Versailles: French palace and place of political distraction, entertained the kings political opponents

Constitutionalism: checks/ limits on power of the king The Imperial Diet: in Holy Roman Empire, limited role of the emperor, ex. He had to give German princes freedom of religion Parliament: in England, limited what the king could do Parliament demands Charles I (of England): call Parliament regularly, he refused which causes conflict and eventual war the English Civil War

Parlimenet and Puritans: fight in the English Civil War Supporters of the King: the Cavaliers Rump Parliament: execution of people who supported the king! Oliver Cromwell: puritan dictator who took over England, after his death, a king was reestablished James II: next king, baptized heir as a Catholic, upset Protestant majority, leads Parliament to invite his Protestant daughter to overthrow him William and Mary: offered throne Glorious Revolution 1688: William and Mary’s bloodless take over English Bill of Rights: guaranteed freedoms and rights and limits on kings power