Desiderius Erasmus (Holland) He who allows oppression shares the crime. A nail is driven out by another nail. Habit is overcome by habit. It's the generally accepted privilege of theologians to stretch the heavens, that is the Scriptures, like tanners with a hide. Luther was guilty of two great crimes - he struck the Pope in his crown, and the monks in their belly. There are some people who live in a dream world, and there are some who face reality; and then there are those who turn one into the other.
Thomas More (England) Education is not the piling on of learning, information, data, facts, skills, or abilities - that's training or instruction - but is rather making visible what is hidden as a seed” One of the greatest problems of our time is that many are schooled but few are educated” The light, that lies In woman's eyes, Has been my heart's undoing” An absolutely new idea is one of the rarest things known to man.” Disguise our bondage as we will, 'Tis woman, woman, rules us still”
Christine de Pizan Just as women’s bodies are softer than men’s, so their understanding is sharper.” “I say it to thee again, and doubt never the contrary, that if it were the custom to put the little maidens to the school, and they were made to learn the sciences as they do to the men-children, that they should learn as perfectly, and they should be” The Book of the City of Ladies
Synopsis of Renaissance +Return of Greek and Roman values +Humanism, Secularism, Realism +Vernacular introduced in scholarly work +Printing Press revolutionizes Europe +Discovery of Maps and charts encourage learning about the rest of the world +Published legal precedents +Social Reform Synopsis of Renaissance +Diminished role of church Return of Greek and Roman values Humanism, Secularism, Realism Vernacular introduced in scholarly work Printing Press revolutionizes Europe Discovery of Maps and charts encourage learning about the rest of the world Published legal precedents Social Reform Diminished role of church
The Reformation October 31, 1517 95 Theses (Tetzel and indulgences) 3 basic ideas of Reform: 1. Faith not works 2. Bible is authority not Pope or church traditions 3. All Christians were equal, no need for priests.
Church’s Response to Luther 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther Charles V calls Luther to Worms on 1521 Charles issues the Edict of Worms Fredrick of Saxony gives shelter to Luther
Effects of Luther’s works 1524 Peasants in Germany revolt on the idea that all Christians are equal Luther supports the princes and 100,000 people are killed. Princes v. Princes! 1529 group called Protestants
Henry VIII 1527 Catherine of Aragon (Mary) no son. (Catherine’s nephew Charles V) Reformation Parliament passes Act of Supremacy in 1533 Married Anne Bolyen 1533 (Elizabeth) 1536, Married Jane Seymour (Edward) Killed Thomas More
-Calvinism Huldrych Zwingli Catholic priest in Zurich. Influenced by Erasmus and Luther “Christianity should be more personal and believers should have more say in church affairs” Killed in war of faiths and John Calvin rises up Institutes of the Christian Religion PREDESTINATION, THEOCRACY, (Geneva, Switzerland)
Presbyterianism, Scottish preacher, John Knox, appoints presbyters or church elders in charge of each church. Presbyterianism becomes the official religion of Scotland Huguenots in August of 1572: 12,000 killed in Paris on St. Bartholomew’s Day
Impact of Protestantism Counter or Catholic Reformation (Ignatius of Loyala, Pope Paul III and Paul IV Jesuit Order: Universities, Missionary Work, stopping the advance of Protestantism. Council of Trent: Church had final say on Bible interpretation, Faith and Works, Bible and Church Tradition were equal, Indulgences were valid. Book/Bible Burning Ended Christian Unity in Europe Protestant and Catholic Universities sprang up everywhere, and became the foundation of academic excellence in Europe and later the Americas (Georgetown, Boston College, Marquette, Loyola of Chicago, Harvard, Monarchs gain power Enlightenment Questioning of Authority and the Modern Age!