Session 2 “ICTs for Development” course Foundations of ICT4D Session 2 “ICTs for Development” course Aim – to explain the foundations that need to be in place for ICT4D to work   Objectives – participants will be able to: - Explain the ICT4D value chain model - Categorise the technological and human infrastructure of ICT4D - Identify key ICT4D stakeholders and policy components - Critique measures of the digital divide

Intermediates / Deliverables The ICT4D Value Chain Precursors -Data systems -Legal -Institutional -Human -Technological -Leadership & Vision -Drivers / Demand Inputs -Data -Money -Labour and Knowledge -Technology -Values and Motivations -Political support -Goals and Objectives Intermediates / Deliverables -Locations (e.g. telecentres) -ICTs (e.g. PC, mobile, tablet) -Software applications Outputs -New communication patterns -New information and decisions -New actions and transactions Outcomes -Financial and other quantitative benefits -Qualitative benefits -Disbenefits Development Impacts -Public goals (e.g. SDGs) - Other impacts (intended and unintended) Strategy Implementation Adoption Use Exogenous Factors READINESS UPTAKE IMPACT AVAILABILITY Sustainability Scalability Enablers Constraints 2.1. The ICT4D Value Chain ICT processes inputs into outputs; if input-process-output adds value to development, it’s an ICT4D value chain Theory of knowledge; and theory of change - Explain Readiness – national level precursors; and initiative-specific inputs - Explain Availability – hardware and software deliverables - Explain Uptake – adoption, use but also need sustainability and scalability - Explain Impact – micro-level outputs; wider costs/benefits as outcomes; development impact Adapted from Heeks 2014b

Technological Foundations of ICT4D Infrastructure Hardware Software Data Communication & Processing ICT User 2.2. Technological Foundations of ICT4D Review content of Section 2.2 e.g. EXERCISE Present latest ITU data and identify telecommunications and hardware trends Or DISCUSSION Scan content of Sections 2.2.1-2.2.3 and then discuss relative priority importance in ICT4D of telecommunications vs. hardware vs. software

Appropriateness of Presentation Data Quality: OCARA Openness Completeness Data Accuracy Relevance 2.2.4. Data Select example of data e.g. ITU statistics and discuss how open, complete, accurate, relevant, appropriately presented Appropriateness of Presentation

Intermediated Consumer Ladder of ICT4D Roles Digital Non-User Digital Consumer Digital Producer Delinked Intermediated Consumer Indirect Passive Consumer Active User Creator Enabler Producer Innovator Category Role A B C D 2.3. Human Foundations of ICT4D Students can read Section 2.3.2, or overview concept of ladder of ICT4D-related roles: Non-users: no direct connection to ICTs, but indirect non-users get some spin-off benefits Digital consumers may be: - Intermediated: someone else uses the ICT on their behalf – an “infomediary” - Passive: just receiving data - Active: interacting and transacting via ICTs Digital producers may be: - Creators: making digital content such as on social media - Enablers: assisting others by being an infomediary or selling ICTs or providing ICT training - Producers: making hardware or software Innovators: developing new hardware or software EXERCISE Which ladder role do each of the slide portraits (A to D) represent? >Active user [woman with phone] >Enabler [ICT trainer] >Creator (probably) [doctor at laptop] >Producer [assembling PCs] Image sources: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/2013/09/who-can-you-call/; http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2013/04/huawei-sa-khulisani-unite-in-ict-training-project/; http://www.indianneurosurgery.com/; https://ictec.wordpress.com/category/itu/

Global ICT4D Stakeholders ITU UNCTAD UNESCO UNDP FAO UNDESA WHO World Bank Other UNGIS member agencies UNGIS WSIS Action Lines 2.4. Institutional Foundations of ICT4D 2.4.1. ICT4D Stakeholders Key global ICT4D stakeholders: - World Bank: funds development of ICT infrastructure in developing countries - International Telecommunication Union: lead UN agency with responsibilities for digital technologies Other UN agencies which participate in UNGIS the UN Group on the Information Society, esp. UNCTAD, UNDP, and UNESCO Explain WSIS Summits (2003, 2005) and WSIS Action Lines and responsibilities

Government (Public sector) ICT4D Stakeholders Government (Public sector) NGOs Development Agencies Private Sector Partnerships Networks Hybrid Organisations ICT4D Hubs / Labs / Clusters National-level ICT4D stakeholders: - Traditional: government, development agencies, NGOs, private sector - Emerging: hybrids, partnerships, networks, hubs

Domains of ICT4D Policy Technological Infrastructure Legal & Institutional Infrastructure Data Infrastructure Financial Infrastructure Human Capabilities Infrastructure ICT Consumption ICT Production Digital Harm ICT4D Infrastructure ICT4D Production and Use ICT4D Impact 2.4.2. ICT4D Policies Rationale for policy: address any shortcomings within the digital ecosystem which will act as constraints to effective ICT4D address any disbenefits of ICT4D that emerge within the spheres of inclusion, sustainability and threats Policy domains: Infrastructure Production/Consumption Impact EXERCISE Read Box 2.6 Uganda policy example and identify key policy stakeholders, policies, and policy domains

Social Dimensions of the Digital Divide What are the digital divides within a country: who are the groups who have more access to ICTs and who are the groups who have less access to ICTs? Income Gender Education Age Ethnicity Disability Geography 2.6. Digital Inclusion and the “Digital Divide” 2.6.1. Digital Divides Technological Divisions: Different divides for different technologies (worse for computers, better for mobiles) Historical pattern: old divides close (e.g. mobile); new divides open (e.g. broadband) Social Divisions: EXERCISE What are the key divides between groups in a nation: ++Income, Gender, Education, Age, Ethnicity, Disability, Geography

Value Chain Dimensions of the Digital Divide Availability Accessibility Adoption (Ownership) Application Value Chain Divisions: Availability: e.g. mobile signal unavailable to c.500m people Accessibility: e.g. cultural barriers prevent women from leaving the home to use public access point Adoption: e.g. those who cannot afford to adopt an ICT Application: e.g. some smartphone users only use voice/text; others use Internet transactions

Digital Divide vs Digital Continuum Haves Have Nots Digital Divide Model Haves Have Lesses Have Nots Digital Continuum Model Digital Provide Simple black-and-white picture of haves vs. have nots; but most descriptions are shades of grey, so continuum not divide. Also add in “digital provide”: e.g. mobile phones bring general market efficiencies including to non-users (e.g. fish prices drop for consumers in Kerala); e.g. non-users who benefit from ICTs via infomediaries

Intermediates / Deliverables The ICT4D Value Chain Precursors -Data systems -Legal -Institutional -Human -Technological -Leadership & Vision -Drivers / Demand Inputs -Data -Money -Labour and Knowledge -Technology -Values and Motivations -Political support -Goals and Objectives Intermediates / Deliverables -Locations (e.g. telecentres) -ICTs (e.g. PC, mobile, tablet) -Software applications Outputs -New communication patterns -New information and decisions -New actions and transactions Outcomes -Financial and other quantitative benefits -Qualitative benefits -Disbenefits Development Impacts -Public goals (e.g. SDGs) - Other impacts (intended and unintended) Strategy Implementation Adoption Use Exogenous Factors READINESS UPTAKE IMPACT AVAILABILITY Sustainability Scalability Enablers Constraints This session covered left-side of value chain and boxes. Next session covers processes (arrows) and right-side boxes. Adapted from Heeks 2014b