Urinary System

Identify parts of Urinary system While viewing this power point and listening to the presentation you are going to write the urinary system QUIZ. Write 4 multiple choice questions and 1 short answer question from the including the correct answer from information discussed today Your multiple choice question must include 4 reasonable choices. Identify parts of Urinary system 2

Maintains acid-base balance of body Parts include: Removes waste Maintains acid-base balance of body Parts include: 2 KIDNEYS 2 URETERS BLADDER URETHRA

Protected by ribs and fat 2 bean shaped organs Protected by ribs and fat Each kidney is found in mass of fatty tissue (adipose capsule) 2 main sections: Cortex: outer layer, contains most of the neurons that aid in production of urine Medulla: inner layer, contains most of tubes that carry urine from the nephrons through the kidneys

Nephrons Microscopic filtering units Over 1 million/kidney Contains glomerulus Cluster of capillaries that filter waste Bowman’s capsule Surround glomerulus picks up filtered materials and passes it to the convoluted tubule Substances needed by the body are reabsorbed and returned to the capillaries

Nephrons At the end, most of the water, sugar, vitamins and salts have been reabsorbed Excess salts, water, wastes remain in the tubule and become urine Urine enters collecting ducts (tubes) in the medulla Collecting tubes empty into the renal pelvis (first section of the ureter)

Ureters 2 muscular tubes 10-12 inches long One extends from the renal pelvis to the bladder Peristalsis: a wavelike motion of the involuntary muscle that moves urine through the ureter from the kidney to the bladder

Bladder FUNCTIONS: Receives urine from ureters Hollow muscular sac Lining folds called rugae – disappears as muscles of bladder allow it to expand and fill with urine 3 layers of visceral muscle Urge to void occurs when bladder contains 1 cup Circular sphincter muscle Control bladder opening Can’t be controlled by infants FUNCTIONS: Receives urine from ureters Stores urine until eliminated from body

Urethra Tube carries urine from bladder to outside External opening called meatus Different in male/females Females shorter Opens in front of vagina or passes through the penis Male: carries both urine from urinary system and semen from the reproductive system

Urine Liquid waste 95% water 1 ½ - 2 quarts produced daily Excreting waste products Urea Creatinine Uric acid The Concentration of components in a urine sample depends on osmotic movement of water Normal Urine Is a clear, sterile solution, yellow color (pigment urobilin) generated in kidneys

5 Homeostatic Functions of Urinary System Regulate blood volume and blood pressure: by adjusting volume of water lost in urine releasing erythropoietin and renin Regulate plasma ion concentrations: sodium, potassium, and chloride ions (by controlling quantities lost in urine) calcium ion levels (through synthesis of calcitriol) Help stabilize blood pH: by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine

5 Homeostatic Functions of Urinary System Conserve valuable nutrients: by preventing excretion while excreting organic waste products Assist liver to detoxify poisons

Blood Supply of the Kidney Approximately ¼ of the total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute Renal artery branches inside the kidney Venous blood leaves the cortex and medulla Small veins join the renal vein

Acidosis Lactic acidosis: Ketoacidosis: develops after exhaustive muscle activity (bulging muscles can cut off blood supply) due to anaerobic respiration Ketoacidosis: Lower blood pH, higher acid, due to presence of ketones develops in starvation or diabetes Body does not have sufficient glucose/glycogen to sustain metabolic activity Muscle loss can occur - dieting

How do the Kidneys control of Blood pH? By H+ removal and bicarbonate production at kidneys

ADH – antidiuretic hormone Hormone causes special water channels to appear Increases rate of osmotic water movement Higher levels of ADH increases: number of water channels water permeability of ducts and collecting system No ADH, water is not reabsorbed All fluid reaching ducts is lost in urine producing large amounts of dilute urine

The Hypothalamus A healthy adult produces: Continuously secretes low levels of ADH: At normal ADH levels: collecting system reabsorbs 16,800 ml fluid/ day (9.3% of filtrate) A healthy adult produces: 1200 ml urine per day (0.6% of filtrate)

Key Terms Polyuria: excess urination Oliguria: below normal urination Anuria: absence of urination Hematuria: blood in urine Nocturia: urination at night Dysuria: painful urination Retention: inability to empty bladder Incontinence: involuntary urination

Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder More common in females due to shortness of urethra Symptoms: Frequent urination Dysuria and burning Bladder spasm Hematuria ? Fever ? Treatment: Antibiotics and increased fluid intake

Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the glomerulus Usually follows strep infection Can be acute or chronic Symptoms: hematuria, hypertension, edema, fatigue, congestive heart failure, renal failure, death Treatment: treat symptoms Low salt diet, high blood pressure medicine, dialysis, transplant

Pyelonephritis Inflammation of kidney tissue and renal pelvis Usually caused by pus forming bacteria Symptoms: chills, fever, back pain, dysuria, hematuria and pyuria Treatment: antibiotics, increased fluid intake

Renal Calculi Kidney stone formed when salts in urine settle Small stones can be eliminated in urine Large stones may become lodged Symptoms: sudden pain, hematuria and retention Treatment: increase fluids, pain meds, strain urine w/ gauze, lithotripsy, possible surgery

Renal Failure Kidneys stop functioning Acute Caused by injury, poisoning, dehydration Prompt treatment leads to good prognosis Chronic Progressive loss of kidney function caused by glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins and endocrine disease. Waste accumulates and affects body systems

Uremia Toxic condition where urinary waste is in bloodstream Caused from any condition that affects proper function of kidneys Symptoms: n/v, ammonia breath, anuria, headache and confusion, coma/death Treatment: restrictive diet, dialysis, transplant

Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra Caused by bacteria, viruses or chemicals Symptoms: painful urination, redness, itching at meatus, ?discharge Treatment: sitz baths or warm compresses, antibiotics, increased fluid intake