Dr. Susan P. Mains Geography GE21001 Dynamic Human Worlds Economic Geography Lecture 5: Development, Power and Place Dr. Susan P. Mains Geography

Lecture Outline Recap of Lecture 5-globalisation: -economic, cultural, political Today’s Lecture: -Defining Development -Measuring Development Useful Readings: *Radcliffe, S. (2005) Rethinking Development. In Cloke, P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold, pp.200-210. Willis, K. (2005) Theories of Development. In Cloke, P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold, pp. 187-199.

Recap on Globalisation: Globalism Rapidly increasing processes of globalisation Images/Discourses of globalism  Significance conceptually and for policy e.g., how places are represented in media e.g., why international trade coalitions are agreed—e.g., NAFTA, EU, IMF an “inexorable” or “natural” process? “out of control”?

Difficulties with discourses of globalisation Used to attack worker organizations A process of ensuring lower wages Legitimizing downsizing and restructuring Facilitating mobility of corporations  Who makes decisions? +ve and –tive impacts: complex  Globalisation is uneven: geographically, financially, socially

Gender, Race and Globalisation Uneven “rights” and inclusion in political/financial processes  Categories of work   Limited transfer of skills Social exclusion:   under representation of diverse social groups in managerial positions Loss of skilled labour to wealthier countries Sex workers, ‘free zone’/maquila workers, human trafficking Economic dependency

Defining Development A range of social, economic, political and health factors How do we measure “political development”? Shift from financial to more holistic measures Cultural and political context significant What kinds of “development” are desirable?

Defining Development “Development” created in a particular political context President Harry Truman “underdevelopment” 1948 at the beginning of the Cold War Relational The idea of a continuum 1st, 2nd, and 3rd World, later a 4th? Again political context significant US imperialism

Ways of Measuring ‘Development’ Population Characteristics Check the Population Reference Bureau: DataFinder www.prb.org for up-to-date statistics Doubling Time: the measure of how long it will take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size Life Expectancy: the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

More Population Measurements Total Fertility Rate (TFR): the average number of children a woman will have throughout her lifetime Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): the number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age compared to the number of live births for that same year (or infant deaths per 1,000 live births)

Education Indicators Literacy rate: the percentage of the population over age 15 years able to read and write, and is often broken down by sex Secondary School Enrolment

Economic Indicators Gross Domestic Product (GDP): a monetary measure of the value of goods and services produced within a national economy over a given period of time Gross National Product (GNP): GDP + net income from abroad GNI PPP per capita: the Gross National Income (with purchasing power parity) per person

Human Development Index GDP and GNP are seriously deficient as measures of economic activity: they omit whole areas of work they perversely count as wealth creation that which may destroy the foundations of productive activity Human Development Index: The United Nations uses a Human Development Index, which is calculated on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment and personal income.

Non-Demographic Indicators III Human Development Report (UNHDP) Links between environmental and political contexts Links between, infrastructure, policy, education & health Role of national and international institutions, everyday experiences, obstacles and opportunities for change e.g., the politics of water http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYsZOI8gftU&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL1C485D484939EC26

Millenium Development Goals Time specific targets Millennium Summit (2000) Millennium Declaration 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Millennium Development Goals for 2015 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3p2VLTowAA&feature=related

Millenium Development Goals Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Goal 2: Universal Primary Education Enrolment in primary education in developing regions reached 90 per cent in 2010, up from 82 per cent in 1999, which means more kids than ever are attending primary school. In 2011, 57 million children of primary school age were out of school. Even as countries with the toughest challenges have made large strides, progress on primary school enrolment has slowed. Between 2008 and 2011, the number of out-of-school children of primary age fell by only 3 million. Globally, 123 million youth (aged 15 to 24) lack basic reading and writing skills. 61 per cent of them are young women. Gender gaps in youth literacy rates are also narrowing. Globally, there were 95 literate young women for every 100 young men in 2010, compared with 90 women in 1990. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/education.shtml

Goal 5: Improve maternal health Improved maternal literacy Need for family planning services Accurate and easily available information Trained service providers and safe facilities Needs of older women and adolescents important

Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Quality of life Physical and social environment Pollution, access to land, present and future generations Politically contentious Corruption Who has a voice? e.g., Jamaica Environment Trust (JET) http://www.jamentrust.org/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQT9cBW9iNE