Westward Expansion (1820s-1850) Texas Early Settlement Texas War (1835-36) Lone Star Republic (1836-45) Manifest Destiny Polk Texas Annexation Oregon “Joint Occupation” Oregon Treaty (1846) California/Southwest Background Mexican War (1846-48) Key Terms Mexican Colonization Law Stephen Austin Texans Santa Anna The Alamo Sam Houston James K. Polk “54° 40’ or Fight” Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Manifest Destiny “The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative self-government entrusted to us. It is a right such as that of the tree to the space of air and earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth…” John L. O’Sullivan

Important Not all the information needs to be written, but it is crucial to the story.

US Territorial Expansion From 890,000 square miles in 1790 to 3 million in 1850

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

Adams-Onis Treaty The Adams-Onis Treaty stated that Spain would give up Florida and its claims to the Oregon Territory.

Early Settlement & Texas In early 1820s about 3,000 illegal immigrants (from US) lived in Mexico. Mexican Government: How do we address problem so they’re loyal Mexican citizens?

Mexican Colonization Law (1824) American Immigrants could receive a League & Labor of land if they… Became Mexican citizens. Obeyed Mexican laws. Slavery was illegal. Converted to Catholicism.

League & Labor League: 4,400 acres of grazing land Labor: 170 acres of farmland

Texas Colonizer Stephen Austin An “Empresario” who led many American families to Texas. Over 35,000 Americans had moved by 1835. Texans: Former American citizens who moved to Texas

They just keep coming … and so do the problems! 20,000 Americans by 1830 + “servants” Self-government allowed Attracted even more Americans! New laws laid down by Mexico No more land grants No new Americans Rights restrictions. Rebellion!!!!

Texas

1836 Texas

Mexican Government (A New President) General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Perez de Lebron Santa Anna’s policies led to tension with Texans. Result: Texas War for Independence (1835-36).

Opposing Leaders Colonel William Travis General Santa Anna Led the independence movement Willing to die for the cause! General Santa Anna Became dictator in 1833 Similar to King George III Wanted all foreigners OUT of Mexico

Texas War For Independence (1835-36) What was this war? Texans vs. Mexico Houston led Texans in fight for Independence from Mexico. He and Austin attempted (but failed) to obtain help from US Government. Sam Houston

Texas War For Independence Alamo-183 Texans vs. 8,000 Mexicans Goliad-Texan POW’s were killed San Jacinto- Texans slaughter Mexicans & win the war

Alamo in 1836

Alamo in 1836

History of the Alamo Constructed in 1720’s as a home for missionaries and Indian converts In early 1800’s – used as a military post for Spanish cavalry In December 1835, Texans forced Mexican troops to surrender On February 23, 1836, General Santa Anna showed up to take the fort back . . .

Thirteen fateful days in 1836 . . . Santa Anna gives Texans an ultimatum: surrender or die! Colonel Travis “I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible and die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor and that of his country– Victory or death…I shall never surrender or retreat.” What does he decide? Travis deliberately disobeyed General Sam Houston’s order to abandon the fort. Travis “all those prepared to give their lives drew a line on the ground: in freedom’s cause, come over to me.” 183 out of 184 ain’t bad!

Mexicans marched to the deguello The fight is on! 183 Americans vs. 8000 Mexicans (do the math!) Mexicans bombarded fort for 12 days Mexicans marched to the deguello attacked fort on March 6, 1836 – over in 90 min. 1544 Mexicans killed All Texans eventually were killed

“Remember the Alamo!” Sam Houston – Commander in Chief of Texas forces – captured Santa Anna at San Jacinto Forced Santa anna to sign treaty 1) Texas independent “Lone Star Republic 1836-1845 2) Rio Grande is southern boundary of Texas

Lone Star Republic From 1836-1845 Texas was an independent nation called the Lone Star Republic.

President’s & Manifest Destiny James K. Polk (1845-49) When running for president, Polk promised to: Acquire Oregon, Texas, and California for the US. Retire after one term as President.

Polk & Texas After Polk’s election, but before his inauguration…. Texas entered the Union as the 28th state in 1845.

Polk & Oregon Oregon was “Jointly Occupied” by the US and Great Britain since 1819

James K. Polk & Oregon Polk’s campaign slogan: “54° 40’ or Fight.” Privately, Polk agreed to compromise with the British; this led to Oregon Treaty (1846).

Oregon Treaty (1846) 49th parallel became the boundary between the US and Great Britain (Canada). The British received Vancouver Island.

US Army Occupation, Texas This picture shows US forces occupying the disputed territory with Mexico.

Polk & California US tried to purchase California & Southwest ($25 million); Mexico refused. US/Mexico border was disputed—Is it the Rio Grande or the Nueces River? Fighting broke out in 1846 between US & Mexican forces which lasted until 1848.

Texas

Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Treaty that ended the Mexican-American War: Rio Grande was border between US & Mexico. US received California & territory in Southwest. US gave Mexico $15 million.

President’s & Manifest Destiny Was James K. Polk able to achieve what he had promised? Polk promised to: James K. Polk (1845-49) Acquire Oregon, Texas, and California for the US. Retire after one term as President.

Westward Expansion (1820s-1850) Texas Early Settlement Texas War (1835-36) Lone Star Republic (1836-45) Manifest Destiny Polk Texas Annexation Oregon “Joint Occupation” Oregon Treaty (1846) California/Southwest Background Mexican War (1846-48) Key Terms Mexican Colonization Law Stephen Austin Texans Santa Anna The Alamo Sam Houston James K. Polk “54° 40’ or Fight” Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo