Solar modulation of cosmic ray positrons in a quiet heliosphere

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Solar modulation of cosmic ray positrons in a quiet heliosphere Marius Potgieter Etienne Vos, Driaan Bisschoff, Jan-Louis Raath Centre for Space Research, North-West University Potchefstroom, South Africa Mirko Boezio, Riccardo Munini INFN, Trieste, Italy Valeria Di Felice INFN, Sezione di Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy. Also: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, Frascati, Italy Research in South Africa is partially supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Students’ bursaries are provided by the NRF and the SA National Space Agency (SANSA) ICRC 2017

Transport equation for the transport, modulation and acceleration of cosmic rays in the heliosphere Time-dependent, pitch-angle-averaged distribution function Diffusion Convection with solar wind Particle Drifts Adiabatic energy changes Any local source Momentum diffusion in heliosheath Second order Fermi acceleration Parker (Planet. Space Science, 13, 9, 1965)

Conceptual illustration of modulation processes Drift direction of electrons in A > 0 cycle Drift direction of electrons in A < 0 cycle

Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays Observed at the Earth with two solar activity proxies Cosmic rays at sea-level Hermanus Monthly averaged sunspot numbers HCS tilt angles Wilcox Solar Observatory

Modeling of drift effects during a very quiet solar minimum Prediction for next A > 0 solar minimum cycle Potgieter & Vos, A&A, 2016

Global modulation of cosmic ray protons: mid-2006 to end of 2009 PAMELA proton observations at the Earth PAMELA-SA bilateral cooperation: Mirko Boezio & colleagues Proton spectra published Adriani et al. ApJ 2013 Potgieter et al. Solar Phys 2014 PhD’s: Valeria Di Felice, Nico De Simone, Valerio Formato, Riccardo Munini, Etienne Vos.

Unexpected highest every recorded proton spectrum in 2009 Red data points: A < 0 cycles Blue data points: A > 0 cycles Strauss R.D., Potgieter M.S. Is the highest cosmic rays yet to come? Solar Physics, 289, 2014

PAMELA Solar Minimum Observations and Modeling LIS Etienne Vos’ PhD

PAMELA Observations and Charge-sign Dependence Protons Electrons New evidence of charge-sign-dependent (drift) modulation for 2006-2009 from PAMELA…! But, much smaller than anticipated from modelling of previous solar minimum activity periods….! The 2009 minimum was different… Di Felice et al. ApJ., 2017 Protons Electrons

Modulation of positrons: mid-2006 to end of 2009 Made possible by continous high precision observations mid-2006 to end of 2009

Difference between electron and positron spectra for 2009 Numerical modeling with particle drifts LIS 2009 Electrons Positrons Spectra at Earth Preliminary; see PhDs of Riccardo Munini (2016) and Etienne Vos (2016)

Modulation factor for electrons and positrons

Electron to positron ratios over time (2006-2009) and as a function of rigidity

Difference between spectra for protons, electrons and positrons At the Earth for solar minimum conditions

Solar wind velocity profiles in the heliosphere Thank you !

The schematic heliosphere Owens and Forsyth. Living Rev. 2013

Proton modulation during the unusual 2009 minimum period Potgieter, Vos, Boezio et al. Sol Phys, 2014 Vos & Potgieter, ApJ, 2015

Diffusion Theory: Difference between protons and electrons At the Earth Potgieter et al. 2013 Potgieter et al. 2015

Computed modulation of galactic electrons and positrons at solar minimum for two polarity cycles Electrons Positrons Langner & Potgieter, Solar wind termination shock and heliosheath effects on charge-sign dependent modulation for protons and anti-protons, JGR, 109, 2004; Potgieter & Langner, Heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray positrons and electrons: Effects of the heliosheath and solar wind termination shock, ApJ, 602, 2004.

The Heliopause Spectra: Observations (V1, PAMELA, AMS02) and GALPROP computations V1: Giant leap forward…. GALPROP: Plain diffusion; then with re-acceleration Bisschoff & Potgieter, Astrophys&SS, 2015 Protons: Vos & Potgieter, ApJ, 2015

The Heliopause Spectra: Observations (V1, PAMELA, AMS02) and GALPROP computations Galactic Protons and Electrons And Positrons… Potgieter & Vos , A&A, 2016 Etienne Vos, PhD, 2015

Gradient, curvature and current sheet drifts: Basic concept

The conceptual and simulated HCS (wavy current sheet) Kota, 2010

Comparison of modulation with a LIS vs. HPS