Genetics and Heredity

Bellringer: Answer the following questions 1. I have detached earlobes 2. I can roll my tongue 3. I have dimples 4. I am right-handed 5. I have freckles 6. I have naturally curly hair 7. I have a cleft chin 8. I have allergies 9. I cross my left thumb over my right when I clasp my hands together 10. I can see the colors red and green ( I am not color blind) 11. The hairline on my forehead is straight. 12. I am a: Male or Female Hand out note sheet as they work

Next… Share your results with your group. Tally your group’s results Discuss why someone would have something different than you. When you finish, have ONE person per group go to the marker board and tally your group’s results.

Traits TRAITS are observable characteristics we inherit from our parents. Every person has a different combination of TRAITS that makes them unique. Examples: color of eyes and shape of ears

Heredity The passing of TRAITS from parents to offspring.

Example

Genes A GENE is part of the DNA code which determines the TRAITS that are hereditary from parent to offspring. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid (Twisted ladder), carries our genetic information (blueprint for forming life)

Alleles The different forms of a trait that a gene may have are ALLELES.

Example

Genotype & Phenotype PHENOTYPE: GENOTYPE: - The particular ALLELES (genes) an individual carries - They are inherited from your biological parents (Dd, DD, dd) Genes control your TRAITS PHENOTYPE: - An individual’s observable TRAITS What people can SEE when they look at you

Heterozygous and Homozygous An individual with NON-IDENTICAL alleles of a gene is HETEROZYGOUS for that gene. Examples: Bb, Tt, Aa An individual with IDENTICAL alleles of a gene is HOMOZYGOUS for that gene Examples: BB or bb, TT or tt

Dominant and Recessive An allele is DOMINANT if its effect masks the effect of a RECESSIVE allele paired with it Capital letters (A) signify DOMINANT alleles; lowercase letters (a) signify RECESSIVE alleles HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT (AA) HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE (aa) HETEROZYGOUS (Aa)

Elaboration: Spongebob activity Work individually on this assignment. You may be given time at the end to compare answers. This will be a daily work grade.

Important to know before getting started: Female Male

Punnett’s Square Scientists use a Punnett’s square to determine the possible genetic outcomes for the offspring that result from the combination of the parent’s genes.

Black colored fur is the dominant trait. We will use the Punnett’s Square to determine the offspring of guinea pigs. The offspring will either be black or white. Black colored fur is the dominant trait.

Generation 1 B B b b In this case we have a dad with black fur and a mother with white fur. Because black is the dominant gene, we write it with a capital ‘B’.

Generation 1 B B b b White fur is a recessive trait. It is written with a lowercase ‘b’. It does not matter what letter we choose to represent a gene, but capital letter is always dominant and lowercase is always recessive.

Generation 1 B B Bb b b To complete the Punnett’s square we combine the gene from mom with the gene from dad. We always write the dominant gene first.

Generation 1 B B Bb b b We write the dominant gene first because it “masks” the recessive gene. Therefore, the color of the guinea pig with the genes Bb would be black.

Generation 1 B B Bb b b Copy this Punnett’s square into your notebook. Try and fill out the remaining offspring on your own. When you are done, go to the next slide.

Generation 1 B B Bb Bb b Bb Bb b We say an individual is heterozygous when it has two different genes. What percentage of these offspring are heterozygous?

100% are heterozygous black. Generation 1 B B Bb Bb b Bb Bb b 100% are heterozygous black. We will now take one female and one male from this generation to cross for our second generation.

What will the gene combinations be for these offspring? Generation 2 B b B b What will the gene combinations be for these offspring? Copy this into your notebook and try to fill out the Punnett’s square. Continue when you are done.

Can you figure out what color these offspring will be? Generation 2 B b BB Bb B bb Bb b What you have completed is the genotype for all the offspring. Genotype refers to the gene combination that an individual has. Can you figure out what color these offspring will be?

Generation 2 B b BB Bb B bb Bb b black black black white What you have just determined is called the phenotype. The phenotype is what we see as a result of an individual's genes.

Generation 2 B b BB Bb B bb Bb b We say an individual is homozygous when it has two of the same genes. Can you find a homozygous black guinea pig?

Generation 2 B b BB Bb B bb Bb b This individual is homozygous black. The entire Punnett’s square represents all possible outcomes. That means each small box represents 25% of the offspring. What percentage of the offspring are homozygous black?

Generation 2 B b BB Bb B bb Bb b 25% of the offspring are homozygous black. Try the next two on your own: ____% are homozygous white ____% are heterozygous black

Generation 2 B b BB Bb B bb Bb b Notice: This will always add up to 100%. 25% are homozygous black. 25% are homozygous white 50% are heterozygous black

Now we will examine some human traits. Earlobes can be either unattached (A) or attached (B) Unattached Attached The unattached earlobe is the dominant trait. The attached earlobe is the recessive trait.

What percent of offspring will have attached earlobes? Copy this Punnett’s square into your notebook. Determine both the genotype and phenotype. What percent of offspring will have attached earlobes?

50% percent of offspring will have attached earlobes. Ee Ee ee ee e 50% percent of offspring will have attached earlobes.

The ability to curl your tongue is also genetic. Tongue curling is the dominant trait. Non-curling is the recessive trait.

Tongue Curling T t T T Copy into your notebook and complete the Punnett’s Square. What percentage of offspring will be able to curl their tongue?

100% percent of offspring will be able to curl their tongues. Tongue Curling T t T TT Tt TT Tt T 100% percent of offspring will be able to curl their tongues.

W= white R = red WR = pink Incomplete Dominance The petal color of pea flowers is an example of incomplete dominance. Both genes for white and red flowers are equally dominant, which results in a new phenotype. W= white R = red WR = pink

Pea Flower Petals R R W R Copy and complete this Punnett’s square in your notebook. What percentage of offspring will have white flowers?

Pea Flower Petals R R WR WR W RR R RR white 0% of the offspring will have flowers. 50% will have red flowers. 50% will have pink flowers. white