Unit 08 - Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Motivation Sexual Motivation Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs Theories and Physiology of Emotion Expressed Emotion Stress and Health Stress and Illness Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction Motivation Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.

Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned Instinct (fixed pattern) Instincts in animals Instincts in humans

Drives and Motivations Drive-reduction theory Need (physiological- ex. food, warmth) Drive (an aroused state of tension) Drive reduction (we need to satisfy the need) It’s all about Homeostasis!!

Drives and Motivations Incentive a positive or negative stimuli that pulls us to reduce our drives. Incentives come from the outside environment. How about ‘needs’?

Optimum Arousal states… Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive (a.k.a. when they don’t need to!) Arousal at an Optimum level Yerkes-Dodson Law

Yerkes-Dodson Law Figure 37-2 (p.393)

A Hierarchy of Motives Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Variations in the hierarchy Deprived of water you’ll be thirsty. But if you are suddenly deprived of air, thirst takes a BACK SEAT!

A Hierarchy of Motives

Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach Washburn study

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Insulin Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus orexin Vetromedial hypothalamus

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones Ghrelin Obestatin PYY Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain

The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Genetic: sweet and salty Neophobia Adaptive taste preferences

The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture

The Psychology of Hunger Situational Influences on Eating Do you eat more when eating with others? Unit bias Food variety

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism The genetic factor The food and activity factors Social influence

Obesity and Weight Control

The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Refractory period

Physiological Response The Physiology of Sex with purpose of treating disorders Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human sexual response to consist of four phases: Phase Physiological Response Excitement Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges. Plateau Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood pressure. Orgasm Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release. Resolution Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase. Women resolve faster. OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the human sexual response.

The Physiology of Sex Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias Erectile disorder Premature ejaculation Female orgasmic disorder Paraphilias- abnormal sexual desires Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia Treat with: behavior therapy and drugs such as Viagra.

The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones Development of sexual characteristics Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone Male Testes Testosterone (Small amounts of estrogen) Female Ovaries Adrenals Estrogen (Small amounts of testosterone)

Testosterone Levels of testosterone remain constant in males, so it is difficult to manipulate and activate sexual behavior. Castration, which reduces testosterone levels, lowers sexual interest.

Estrogen Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened with estrogen injections. Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than on animals. Women are more likely to have sex when close to ovulation (increased testosterone), and men show increased testosterone levels when socializing with women.

The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams Sexual fantasies

External Stimuli It is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing through erotic material. However, women experience similar heightened arousal under controlled conditions.

Imagined Stimuli Our imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injuries and no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire. Sotographs/The Gamma-Liaison Network/ Getty Images

The Psychology of Sex

Introduction Aristotle’s social animal Need to belong – affiliation need

The Benefits of Belonging Enhanced survival How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions Attachment Anxious attachment Insecure avoidant attachment

The Pain of Being Shut Out Ostracism Cyberostracism Anterior cingulate cortex Influences on behavior

Connecting and Social Networking Mobile Networks and Social Media Cell phones Texting and email Facebook and twitter

Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? Connecting and Social Networking The Social Effects of Social Networking Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities? Does social networking promote narcissism?

Cognition and Emotion Emotions Bodily arousal Expressive behaviors Conscious experience

Cognition and Emotion Historical Emotion Theories Common Sense theory James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Lower spine injuries High spinal cord injury

Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Spillover effect Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Spillover effect

LeDoux’s high and low road Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus Robert Zajonc LeDoux’s high and low road

Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

Embodied Emotion

Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic nervous system arousing Parasympathetic nervous system Calming Yerkes Dodson Law Fight or flee

Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Embodied Emotion The Physiology of Emotions Insula Brain circuits Left frontal lobe

Module 42: Expressed Emotion

Detecting Emotion in Others

Detecting Emotion in Others Nonverbal cues Duchenne smile

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Culture and Emotional Expression

Culture and Emotional Expression

Culture and Emotional Expression

The Effects of Facial Expressions

The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback effect Health psychology

Module 43: Stress and Health

Stress: Some Basic Concepts

Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress appraisal

Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stressors – Things that Push Our Buttons Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Tend-and-befriend

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Module 44: Stress and Illness

Introduction Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Lymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophage Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and AIDS Stress and Cancer Stress and Heart Disease Coronary heart disease Type A Type B

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

The End

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Definition Slides

Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct = a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

Drive-Reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior.

Yerkes-Dodson Law = the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Sexual Dysfunction = a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Two-Factor Theory = the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Polygraph = a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

Facial Feedback Effect = the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness.

Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhausion.

Tend-and-Befriend Response = under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

Psychophysiological Illness = literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Psychoneuroimmunology = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Lymphocytes = the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

Coronary Heart Disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

Type A = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Type B = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.