Marine Biology Outcome: Explain the complexities of cartilaginous fishes anatomical advancements that allow them to efficiently hunt, detect prey and avoid predation. Drill: Recall the four chordate structure and briefly list what they do (words/drawing).

K. Animalia P. Chordata C. Agnatha Hagfish and Lamprey Only existing representatives of the jawless fish Hagfish Bottom-dwellers Predator/Scavenger Cartilage structure No paired fins Defense: Slime Glands Lampreys Filter feed as juveniles Parasitic as adults Cartilage structure No paired fins

Fish Fins: Bony and Cartilaginous

K. Animalia P. Chordata C. Chondrichthyes Sharks Skeletons composed completely of cartilage Control buoyancy with their nitrogenous liver (squalene) allows them to go up and down faster! Detection of a drop of blood in one million parts H2O Claspers help with mating… hold male to female Other sensory structures also make sharks efficient hunting machines!

Lateral Line System The lateral line system, found in many fishes and in some aquatic amphibians, is sensitive to differences in water pressure. A swimming fish creates a pressure wave in the water that is detectable by the lateral line systems of other fishes.

Lateral Line System

Ampullae of Lorenzini The Ampullae of Lorenzini are small pores that detect weak electrical fields produced by other fishes, at least over short ranges These vesicles and pores are found around the head of the shark and are visible to the naked eye. This enables the shark to locate prey that are buried in the sand, or orient to nearby movement.

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Eye Gills Dorsal Dorsal Caudal Nare Lateral Line Mouth Pectoral Pelvic Anal

K. Animalia P. Chordata C. Chondrichthyes Rays and Skates Flattened bodies with greatly enlarged pectoral fins Reduced dorsal and caudal fins Spiracles on the dorsal side (top) draw in water and push it out through gill slits on their ventral (bottom) side Defense of electric ray is a volt up to 220 Defense for skates/rays is venomous dorsal fin spine/tail

Ray anatomy 101 2 3 4 6 7 5 1 Pectoral Fin Anal Fin Spine Ventral Spiracle Dorsal Eye

Worksheet on Sharks! You can use your notes or (as I suggest) use pages 260-264 in your books We will be discussing the key features before you leave today and this worksheet will be due before you leave! Next class we will be discussing bony fish briefly and working on your build-a-fish OR alter-a-fish project!!!!

Before you go… do you know: Why do sharks move their heads from side to side as they swim? What is the function of the Ampullae of Lorenzini? Sharks do not have a swim bladder. What adaptations do they have to prevent sinking? What is a nictitating membrane? Do humans have one? Distinguish the difference between male and female sharks. Why do skate and rays have spiracles? Skates and rays seem so harmless, yet there are warnings against swimming with them. Describe the defense mechanisms of skates and rays.

April 18th, 2016 Marine Bio Outcome: Today I can determine the differences between cartilaginous and bony fish by comparing their external and internal structures. Drill: Sharks are the top predators in the ocean. Their adaptations help them detect and capture prey. Describe these adaptations and how they enable sharks to be efficient predators.

Recaping! Chondrichthyes (sharks)

Recaping! Chondrichthyes (rays) 1 2 3 7 6 5 4

K. Animalia P. Chordata C. Osteichthyes Bony Fish (Salmon & Coelacanths) Skeleton composed of bones Lateral line, as in Chondrichthyes, detects prey/predators Ampullae of Lorenzini is only found on Chondrichthyes Operculum is the covering to protect the gills Buoyancy is maintained by a swim bladder, in some cases Bony fish have many other adaptations and coloration patterns that we will discuss in a later class.

Swim Bladder Swim Bladder - A swim bladder is a gas filled bag that sits in a fish's body cavity to control buoyancy. Only Ray-finned fish possess a swim bladder.

Swim Bladder

Build-A-Fish Alter-A-Fish Determine if you want a cartilaginous or bony fish. What is your fishes name? Where is your fish located? Draw a sketch or your fish. BaF: Explain your newly discovered fish. AaF: Explain how your marine animal has been altered to survive marine pollutants.

Determine if you want a cartilaginous or bony fish. What is your fishes name? Where is your fish located? Draw a sketch or your fish. BaF: Explain your newly discovered fish. AaF: Explain how your marine animal has been altered to survive marine pollutants.

Classifying the Coelacanth Today you will read the fish anatomy paper and take the knowledge from the passed two classes and put it to work You will use the computer to determine if the Coelacanth is classified correctly by comparing it to a bull shark and eel A final poster will be created comparing the three types of fish and your explanation and answers to the 5 questions will be written on the back of the poster

April 20th, 2016 Osmoregulation Outcome: Understand how fish regulate the amount of salt and water within their bodies. Drill: What fish do you know of that can travel between salt and fresh water?

Gills Fish extract oxygen from the water via their gills Gill slits are covered by an operculum to protect them When water moves over the gills a countercurrent is created

Osmoregulation (p 240) Fish need to maintain homeostasis by regulating the amount of water in their tissue by osmoregulation. Water via osmosis moves from high to low Therefore: Fish in saltwater have water move OUT of their body High concentration of water inside than outside = water out Fish in freshwater have water move IN their body High concentration of water outside than inside = water in

Saltwater fish more salt outside the fish so they do drink water because they lose water to the environment… they have concentrated urine.

Freshwater fish have more salt inside the fish so they don’t drink water because water moves into them… they have dilute urine

Salmon Egg Lab: Osmoregulation You will be determining if salmon eggs grow better in a saltwater environment or a freshwater environment by following the steps on your worksheet All materials are in your top lab draw or on lab station 1 As you wait for your eggs to preform osmosis you will be beginning your Build-A-Fish Project (due 5/13/2016) If you do not have access to a computer you will be using an iPad, your cell phone, OR your book. You will have 30 minutes to begin the “research” part EVERYONE should have a fish class and location chosen before they leave today (ideas can change but need concept)