Disorders
Broken Bones
Terms: Closed vs open Simple vs Comminuted
Physical Fractures: compound - open stress – hairline comminuted- crushed broken into multiple pieces.
Complete Fracture- A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely. Incomplete Fracture- A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined. Linear Fracture- A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis. Transverse Fracture- A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis. Oblique Fracture- A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis. Compression Fracture-A fracture that usually occurs in the vertebrae. Spiral Fracture- A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted. Comminuted Fracture- A fracture causing many fragments. Compacted Fracture- A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other Open Fracture- A fracture when the bone reaches the skin
Compound
Comminuted
Healing hematoma (bleeding/blood clot) capillaries invade and form cartilage deposit cartilage replaced by bone remolding (osteoblasts)
Curvatures of Spine Kyphosis: kyph(o) = hump hunchback-exaggerated thoracic curve
Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar anterior curvature
Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature (side to side)
Joints Arthritis: inflammation of joint osteoarthritis: most common-old age/wear and tear on cartilage cap
Rheumatoid: more painful, more severe-synovial membrane inflames and destroys cartilage autoimmune disorder
Gout: uric acid crystals form in the joints –painful
Dislocations: popping a bone out of joint
Sprain- stretching ligaments, 3 or 4 degrees RICE
The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament. The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling. The third degree is a complete rupture. The fourth degree is the most severe and actually breaks the ligament, along with some small bones if severe enough, and requires surgery to repair.
Dietary lack of vitamin D or calcium-soft bones Rickets: in kids, bowed legs, malnourished Osteomalacia: softening in bones
Rickets Osteomalacia
Hormonal osteoporosis-bones get brittle and weak lack of estrogen when females menopause Prevention: 1. exercise 2. get more calcium & vitamin D 3. estrogen hormonal supplement
Bacterial or Viral Osteomyelitis: bacterial inflammation of bone marrow