Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation

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Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation Zhiyuan Liu, Shimin Li, Yingsan Geng and Jianhua Wang Presenter: Zhiyuan Liu State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University MeVarc 2017, Jerusalem, Israel Mar 22, 2017

CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Experimental Setup 3. Experimental Results A. The arc-remelted layer forming experiment B. Lightning impulse breakdown voltage test C. Field emission current measurement and β D. Cross section electron microscope analysis E. arc-remelted layer depth and the breakdown voltage 4. Discussion Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 2/25

1. Introduction Where do we come from? Answer: Xi’an, China Terracotta Army Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 3/25

1. Introduction What is our field? Power Engineering Generations Circuit breakers Transmission Lines failures Transmissions Substations Distributions Customers Industries Industries Traffics Living Life Living life Traffics Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 4/25

Vacuum gaps for possible breakdowns in vacuum interrupters 1. Introduction A 126kV single break vacuum circuit breaker Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, China Vacuum gaps for possible breakdowns in vacuum interrupters Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 5/25

Melted layer produced by current conditioning 1. Introduction Current conditioning is an effective way using vacuum arcs to improve vacuum interrupter’s insulation, by producing a remelted layer on the electrode’s surface. Melted layer produced by current conditioning The objective of this paper is to determine the influence of the depth of cathode arc-remelted layer on vacuum gap’s insulation. Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 6/25

2. Experimental Setup System Setup : The arc remelted layer forming experiment Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 7/25

3. Experimental Results The arc remelted layer forming experiment 8/25 Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 8/25

3. Experimental Results A: The melted layer forming experiment the experiment circuit IDC = 250 A BAMF = 60 mT the time sequence of the experiment Plane electrode-cathode ; Rod electrode-anode Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 9/25

3. Experimental Results A: The melted layer forming experiment Electrode material: plane: CuCr25 rod: CuCr25 Parameters: Φplane = 48 mm, Φrod = 4 mm, d = 1 mm. When forming the arc-remelted layer, the rod was the anode. Note: the arc-remelted layer, with different depths, was formed on the rod electrode. During the lightning impulse voltage test, the rod was the cathode. Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 10/25

vacuum arc appearances in the arcing duration 3. Experimental Results A: The melted layer forming experiment In the first 26 ms, the arc voltage fluctuated and it corresponded that the vacuum arc rotated randomly on the cathode. After that, the arc voltage kept stable, around 20 V. The vacuum arc was opposite to the rod anode. So, the arcing time of vacuum interrupters B, C, D were 10 ms, 46 ms, 73ms, respectively. Cathode Arc voltage of vacuum interrupter B, C, D vacuum arc appearances in the arcing duration Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 11/25

3. Experimental Results 12/25 Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 12/25

Plane electrode-anode ; Rod electrode-cathode 3. Experimental Results B: Lightning impulse breakdown voltage test Plane electrode-anode ; Rod electrode-cathode Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 13/25

3. Experimental Results B: Lightning impulse breakdown voltage test Vacuum Interrupter A Vacuum Interrupter B Vacuum Interrupter C Vacuum Interrupter D The scattering of breakdown voltage and the fitting conditioning curve of vacuum interrupter Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 14/25

The accumulative probability of breakdown voltage of the four VIs 3. Experimental Results B: Lightning impulse breakdown voltage test The breakdown voltage probability distribution of vacuum interrupters A, B, C, D fitted Weibull distribution. With arcing times of 10, 46, and 73 ms, U50 was higher than that of the no arcing case. The arcing improved the breakdown voltage. The accumulative probability of breakdown voltage of the four VIs The U50 of the arcing times of 10, 46, and 73 ms were 73.3, 75.5, and 77.9 kV, respectively. They were quite close to each other, so the different arcing times had little influence on the breakdown voltage. The relationship between the 50% lightning impulse breakdown voltage, U50, and the arcing time of the four VIs. Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 15/251

3. Experimental Results 16/25 Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 16/25

3. Experimental Results 17/25 Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 17/25

3. Experimental Results D: Cross section electron microscope analysis VI A arcing time: 0 ms No arc-remelted layer, rough surface Average depth: 0 μm VI B arcing time: 10 ms A thin arc-remelted layer with smooth surface Average depth: 5 μm VI C arcing time: 46 ms Arc-remelted layer: 10-50 μm Average depth: 35 μm VI D arcing time: 73 ms Arc-remelted layer: 50-80 μm Average depth: 65 μm Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 18/25

arcing time and average depth of arc-remelted layer. 3. Experimental Results D: Cross section electron microscope analysis The average depths of the arc-remelted layers 0, 5, 35, and 65 μm corresponded to arcing times of 0, 10, 46, and 73 ms, respectively. The average depth of arc-remelted layer was proportional to the arcing time. arcing time and average depth of arc-remelted layer. Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 19/25

3. Experimental Results E: Relationship between arc-remelted layer depth and the breakdown voltage Having an arc-remelted layer apparently improved vacuum insulation significantly. Arc-remelted layer depth Arcing Time The various depth of the arc-remelted layer seem have close vacuum insulation level. U50, 50% breakdown voltage Vacuum interrupter Average depth of arc-remelted layer / μm 50% breakdown voltage / kV A 55.6 B 5 73.3 C 35 75.5 D 65 77.9 Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 20/25

4. Discussion Observation: Arcing times of 0, 10, 46 and 73 ms corresponded to the average arc-remelted layer depths of 0, 5, 35 and 65 μm, respectively. The 50% breakdown voltages of 55.6, 73.3, 75.5, and 77.9 kV It is not surprising that an arc-remelted layer significantly increase the breakdown voltage. However, the arc-remelted layers seem have virtually no influence on the vacuum insulation level, why? Is the vacuum insulation level decided by the electrode surface conditions, not the arc-remelted layer depth? Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 21/25

4. Discussion C: Field emission current measurement Gap spacing : 1.0 mm Rs : 2kΩ BD voltage of TVS: 15 V Maximum leakage current before BD of TVS: 1 μA The field emission current measurement circuit The field emission current I and the applied voltage V fit Fowler-Nordheim equation CuCr25, Φ: 4.6 eV Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 22/25

Peak value of voltage /kV Electric field enhancement factors β 4. Discussion Electric field enhancement factor Vacuum interrupter Peak value of voltage /kV Electric field enhancement factors β Breakdown A 39.9 270 No.1 B 42.7 340 -- No.2 C 273 D 275 The field emission current measurement were carried out before the first breakdown. Therefore, sample B is out of consideration. β values of sample A, C and D were nearly the same, around 273 at the same applied voltage. Remember: The 50% breakdown voltages of sample C and D with arcing (75.5 kV and 77.9 kV) were much higher that that of sample A (55.6 kV) without arcing. Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 23/25

4. Discussion The similar β values suggest the similar contact surface conditions. However, similar surface conditions lead to different breakdown voltage? Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 24/25

Same value for the cases with and without the arc-remelted layers 4. Discussion Electric field enhancement factor? Fowler-Nordheim equation CuCr25, work function: 4.6 eV Same value for the cases with and without the arc-remelted layers How to deal with the work function with and without the arc-remelted layers to reflect the difference on the arc-remelted layers? Different β values should distinguish the contact surface with and without the arc-remelted layers… Zhiyuan Liu- Influence of Depth of Cathode Arc-remelted Layer on Vacuum Insulation 25/25

Thanks for your attention!