Physical Development from One to Three Chapter 10

Chapter Objective Identify five changes in a child’s physical growth from ages one to three. Explain how developmental milestones are used. Describe how a parent should respond to typical changes in a child’s sleeping patterns. Explain why it is important to establish good eating habits early in life. Identify why young children are particularly at risk for accidents. List four factors to consider when choosing clothing for young children.

Section 10.1 Growth and Development

Main Idea Children ages one-year-old to three-years-old grow, change, and develop in many ways. Motor skills improve noticeably

Vocabulary Content Academic Toddler Preschooler Sensory integration Developmentally appropriate Dexterity Variation Proportion

Growth Toddler – refers to one and two year olds Preschooler – a child from age three to about age five Height and weight Proportion and Posture Teeth

Height and Weight Gain less than half the average monthly weight they did during the first year of life. Growth in height also slows by about half.

Proportion and Posture Because of changes in physical proportion, a child’s posture improves between the ages one and three. The circumference of the child’s head, abdomen, and chest are about the same. Between the ages of two and three, however, the chest becomes larger around then the head and abdomen. By the age of two, a child’s posture is straighter but still not erect. The head is bend forward slightly, the elbows and knees are also slightly bent. By the third birthday they stand straighter because their spines are stronger.

Teeth Diet Greatly influences the quality of a child’s teeth. Children should consume calcium and vitamin D because their adult teeth are forming. Poor diet along with too many sweets can cause decay. Heredity Dentist have identifies a protective mechanism that discourages decay that is inherited from their parents. Dentist Children should start seeing the dentist early to help them get used to the procedures.

Sensory Integration Sensory Integration – process by which the brain combines information taken in through the senses to make a whole. Know how wide to open their mouth to eat something Can tell when something has dripped on their chin when eating Most children can tell when this happens naturally, others have trouble and may have learning or behavioral disabilities

Developmental Milestones Developmentally appropriate – describes toys, activities and tasks that are suitable for a child at a specific age Children don’t always reach the milestones on schedule Scientists have developed a list of tasks that most children reach by a certain time

Motor Skills Gross Motor Skills Use of large muscles of the back, legs, shoulders, and arms As they exercise they slowly build confidence, strength, and coordination Fine Motor Skills Ability to pick up small objects between their thumb and forefinger Use this to feed themselves and drink from a cup Dexterity – skillful use of the hands and fingers

Hand-Eye Coordination This skill continues to improve with this age group With practice this skill improves Start picking up small objects (size of a pea) with their thumb and forefinger Can also start turning doorknobs and picking up objects off the floor without losing their balance

Section 10.2 Caring for Children from One to Three

Main Idea One-to-three-year-olds experience many changes in sleep patterns, nutritional needs, eating, hygiene, dressing, health, illness, and safety.

Vocabulary Content Academic Night terrors Hygiene Sphincter muscles Synthetic fibers Flame-resistant Incident Pollutant

Sleep Patterns Sleep 8 or more hours at night Usually take a couple hour nap during the day becoming shorter in duration Fears or anxiety about separation may make falling asleep difficult for toddlers Keep a nightly routine to help reassure toddlers and make them more comfortable

Sleep Disturbances Common for toddlers to wake during the night, they usually go back to sleep on their own Sometimes, they need to use the restroom during the night or may need to have a night light to help calm their fears. Night terrors – a type of sleep disturbance that occurs during the first few hours of sleep, when children are sleeping deeply

Self-Feeding Children at this stage want to feed themselves, this is part of their growing independence. Depends on their fine motor skills and self-feeding helps to refine this 1 year old Soft, chewable finger foods are usually best Start using a spoon, lots of spills, also uses a sippy cup 2 year old Learn to use a fork Should be eating with the rest the family 3 year old Quiet skillful at using spoon and fork Eat the same food as the rest of the family

Nutritional Foods Should be provided with a variety of beneficial foods to establish good health Milk – ½ C Grain – ¼ to ½ C Meat – 1 -2 oz Vegetable – ¼ to ½ C Fruit – ¼ to ½ C

Meal Appeal Color Texture Shape Temperature Ease of Eating

Checkups Immunizations Protect children from specific diseases Some illnesses are better to get as a child rather than later in life such as colds and chicken pox

Illness Most children from the ages of 1 to 3 become sick Usually respiratory and ear infections Most cases it is mild and does not need intervention Be careful of pollutants and environmental dangers such as cleaners, lead based paint, and other chemicals

Safety Childproof the home Environmental concerns Chocking hazards Toys Poisons in the home Fire and burns Motor vehicles Sunburn Pets Drowning

Hygiene Hygiene – personal care and cleanliness Washing and bathing Learn personal hygiene Part of bedtime routine Caring for teeth Teach good dental hygiene practices early to fight cavities Should visit the dentist every 6 months Toilet training Between their 2nd and 3rd birthdays Must be both physically and emotionally ready to control bladder and bowel functions Calm encouragement is important Sphincter muscles – muscles that help regulate elimination from the bowels

Self-Dressing Eager to learn to dress themselves Makes them feel more independent Most will start undressing themselves first Can dress themselves by the age of three

Choosing Clothes Choose cloths that allow for growth, move freely, with soft and sturdy fabrics Buy clothes that are a size larger If possible let them choose their own clothes, many like bright colors, animals, or familiar story characters Cotton is a good choice Synthetic fibers – fabrics made from chemicals, rather than natural sources Flame resistant – fabric can still catch on fire, but will burn as quickly as other fabrics Must be durable and able to withstand hard wear and washings