Lecture 10: Organic compounds: Functional groups and the molecules of life SPRING 2017 Course lecturer : Jasmin Šutković 26th April 2017

Contents 1. Arenes Alcohols and Ethers Aldehydes and Ketones International University of Sarajevo 1. Arenes Alcohols and Ethers Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic acid Molecules of life Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids Carbohydrates

Arenes Most arenes with a single six-membered ring are volatile liquids- AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (CYCLIC) Compounds containing both aliphatic and aromatic parts. Alkylbenzenes Alkenylbenzenes Alkynylbenzenes Etc….

Volatility ? Volatility is a measure of a substance's vapor pressure and it's tendency to vaporize.

How they are produced?

Aromatic VS. Aliphatic In organic chemistry, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes:  aromatic compounds, which contain benzene or similarly aromatic rings of atoms, and  aliphatic compounds  which do not contain those rings.

Alkylbenzenes, nomenclature: Special names

others named as “alkyl benzenes”:

Alcohols Alcohols are characterized by the presence of an -OH group generally in a bent shape, like that of water. Due to the presence of an -OH group, alcohols can hydrogen bond. This leads to higher boiling points compared to their parent alkanes. Alcohols are polar in nature. This is attributed to the difference in electronegativity between the carbon and the oxygen atoms. Are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on whether the –OH group is bonded to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon

Ethers Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups — of general formula R–O–R'. Good solvents for organic compounds Unreactive because they lack the –OH unit

Reminder

Aldehydes An ALDEHYDE is an organic compound containing a formyl group. This functional group, with the structure R-CHO, consists of a carbonyl center (a carbon double bonded to oxygen) bonded to hydrogen and an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain. Contain the carbonyl functional group Prepared by the oxidation of alcohols

Ketones A KETONE  is an organic compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones feature a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Many ketones are known and many are of great importance in industry and in biology. Examples include many sugars (ketoses) and the industrial solvent acetone.

Carboxylic Acids Compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group are weak= acids. Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids because they are proton (H+) donors. They are the most common type of organic acid. Among the simplest examples are formic acid H-COOH, which occurs in ants, and acetic acid CH3-COOH, which gives vinegar its sour taste. Carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and food additives.

Examples

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Esters Esters are chemical compounds consisting of a carbonyl adjacent to an ether linkage. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Several billion kilograms of polyesters are produced industrially annually.

The Molecules of Life • All the functional groups described are found in the organic molecules that constitute and maintain every living organism on Earth • The most abundant substances found in living systems belong to four major classes: 1. Proteins 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic acids