Colonial America Formations:

What’s the Deal with the British? Unifying the English Nation: What undermined England’s stability? Social Unrest English Civil War of the 1640s illuminated what? England and Ireland: England’s methods to subdue Ireland ...

English Colonization The Social Crisis A worsening economy and the enclosure movement led ... Unruly poor were encouraged to do what? Sustained immigration ... The English increasingly viewed America as a land where a man could control his own labor and thus gain independence, particularly through the ownership of land.

English Colonization 3 Gs. It was also argued that trade, not... Between 1607 and 1700, a little over half a million persons left England. Where did they settle? The majority of settlers in North America were young, single men from the bottom rungs of English society.

Early Settlements Roanoke Colony: The first English North American Colony (NOT IN ROANOKE VA, Off Coast of N. Carolina) The Colony was NOT successful Why:

Early Settlements The Chesapeake Region: Jamestown: The First (1607) Started by whom? For what reason? Almost failed due to disease and starvation Ultimately succeeded due to Capt. John Smith’s …AND Tobacco- “Brown Gold”- introduced by John Rolfe in 1612 and... Starvation- “Starving Time”- Winter of 1609-1610

Jamestown The expansion of tobacco production led to ... Headright System- Low class English but also first Africans The first blacks arrived in 1619; the first hint of slavery in the colony. Established House of Burgesses (1619)- Virginia’s colonial legislature, first representative body in North America

Jamestown Relations with the Natives: The English were chiefly interested in ... Powhatan, the leader of thirty tribes near Jamestown, eagerly traded with the English. English-Indian relations were mostly peaceful early on. Pocahontas “married” John Rolfe in 1614, symbolizing Anglo- Indian harmony. The 17th century was marked by what between Natives and English? Wars gave the English a heightened sense of superiority.

Early Settlements The Uprising of 1622 Once the English decided on a permanent colony instead of merely a trading post, conflict was inevitable. Opechancanough led an attack on Virginia’s settlers in 1622. The English forced the Indians to ... The Virginia Company surrendered ...

Chesapeake Maryland: Maryland was established in 1632 as a Cecilius Calvert. Calvert imagined Maryland as a feudal domain. Religion in Maryland refuge for persecuted Catholics. Most appointed officials initially were Catholic, but Protestants ... Act of Toleration: 1649

New England The Rise of Puritanism Puritanism emerged from …in England. Puritans were persecuted in England. Many Puritans immigrated to the New World why? They came to America in search of liberty and the right to worship and govern themselves.

New England The Pilgrims at Plymouth: Pilgrims sailed in 1620 to Cape Cod aboard the Mayflower. the Mayflower Compact Squanto provided much valuable help to the Pilgrims and the first Thanksgiving was “celebrated” in 1621.

New England The Great Migration: The Massachusetts Bay Company was charted in 1629 New England settlement was very different from settlements in the Chesapeake colonies. New England had a more equal balance of men and women. New England enjoyed a healthier climate. New England had more families.

New England Government and Society in Massachusetts Massachusetts was organized into self-governing towns. Each town had a Congregational Church and a school. Harvard College was established in 1636. The freemen of Massachusetts ... Church government was decentralized. Full church membership was... No separation between church and state.

New England Puritans and Indians Colonial leaders had differing opinions about the English right to claim Indian land. The Pequot War What led to the war? Colonists warred against the Pequots in 1637, exterminating the tribe. The New England Economy Most were Fishing and timber were exported, but

New England The Merchant Elite A powerful merchant class rose up, assuming a growing role based on trade within the British empire. Some clashed with the church and left to establish a new town, Portsmouth, in New Hampshire. The Half-Way Covenant By 1650, many Massachusetts residents had been baptized as infants but could not prove they had undergone the conversion experience necessary for full church membership. The question arose? In 1662, the Half-Way Covenant answered

New England Rhode Island and Connecticut: Roger Williams A young Puritan minister, Williams preached Williams believed that it was essential to separate church and state. Banished from Massachusetts in 1636, Williams established Rhode Island... Other spin-offs from Massachusetts included New Haven and Hartford, which joined to become the colony of Connecticut in 1662. Treatment of Williams and Trials of Anne Hutchinson, showed

New York The Conquest of New Netherland Competing with the Dutch for Trade supremacy In 1664, during an Anglo-Dutch war New York and the Rights of Englishmen and Englishwomen The terms of Dutch surrender guaranteed some freedoms and liberties but reversed others, especially for blacks. The Duke of York governed New York, and by 1700 nearly 2 million acres of land were owned by only five New York families.

The Carolinas Carolina was established as ... Carolina was an offshoot; yet ... From 1670 until 1720, Carolina engaged in ... The economy grew slowly until Split between N/S in 1712: Two different plantation systems emerged: N: Tobacco S: Rice/Indigo

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania was the last A Quaker, Penn envisioned Quakers believed that liberty was a universal entitlement. Liberty extended to women, blacks, and Indians. Religious freedom was a fundamental principle.

Pennsylvania Penn established an assembly elected by male taxpayers and “freemen,” which meant that a majority of the male population could vote. He owned all of the colony’s land and sold it to settlers at low prices rather than granting it outright. Pennsylvania prospered under Penn’ s policies

The Remaining New Jersey: Off shoot of New York. Granted by the Duke of York to his aristocratic buddies (1664) Delaware: Became an offshoot of Penn. Basically, granted independence from PA because of issues with ruling such a large colony. Georgia: Founded by James Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors Also a buffer with Spain

Disruptions in Colonial Relations A growing Society Prosperity Greater participation in government More people participating in town meetings/assemblies. Colonial Legislatures passing laws Salutary Neglect Growing public sphere The Great Awakening: Revival of fundamentalism Greater religious diversity Greater religious freedom

Disruptions in Colonial Relations Imperial Rivalries: Picked up steam in the 18th century French and English fought over Ohio River Valley Colonists pushing further Westward seeking more land Come into conflict with Natives Different Native groups side with different imperial power (not united) French and Indian War Fought for control over ? Global conflict (7 years war)

Disruptions in Colonial Relations French and Indian War (cont) English end up winning. Results: France out of North America (keep islands off Newfoundland and West Indies) Helps create sense of Colonial Identity British incur huge debts; look to colonies for help (TROUBLE) Pontiac’s Rebellion Proclamation line of 1763 Here Comes the Revolution!!