What makes us smart? Or not so smart? Intelligence What makes us smart? Or not so smart?

How do we Assess Intelligence? use program 16 Alfred Binet set out to figure out a concept called a mental age (what a person of a particular age should know). He discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance (motivation?). Hoped they could use test to the French educational system.

Lewis Terman Adapted Binet’s tests for use in the United States The test reported intelligence as a calculated IQ score Called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

Terman and his IQ Test Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test. IQ=Mental age/Chronological age X 100. A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ? A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ? A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?

Theories of Intelligence No one real definition Fluid versus Crystallized Intelligence 4 main theoretical concepts of intelligence….

Psychometric Theories of Intelligence Crystallized intelligence – The knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge Fluid intelligence – The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Charles Spearman and his G factor crash course Used factor analysis and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one General Intelligence. If you are good at one subject you are usually good at many others. Jack Bauer is good at torturing, bomb defusing, shooting, figuring out evil plots and saving the country (and he is good looking). Is there anything he cannot do?

Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences. He came up with the idea by studying savants (a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area).example

Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences Battle of the Brains-50 min Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences Battle of the Brains-50 min.questions in APSI folder Gardner believed that there exists at least 7 different types of intelligences. Linguistic Logical-mathematical Spatial Musical Body-kinesthetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalist SLIM BLIN

Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory Most commonly accepted theory today. Three types of intelligence Creative Analytical Practical

Practical Intelligence Social Intelligence Speaks clearly and articulately Is verbally fluent Is knowledgeable about a particular field Reads with high comprehension Verbal Intelligence © Helga Esteb/Shutterstock Sees all aspects of a problem Sizes up situations well Makes good decisions Poses problems in an optimal way Practical Intelligence © Peter Klaunzer/epa/Corbis Accepts others for what they are Has social conscience Thinks before speaking and doing Is sensitive to other people’s needs and desires Social Intelligence ©Dominick Butzmann/Laif/Redux The three well- known individuals shown here are prototype examples of verbal intelligence (Chelsea Handler), practical intelligence (Mark Zuckerberg), and social intelligence (George Clooney). Evolution of Intelligence Testing Basic Questions Extremes of Intelligence Heredity and Environment New Directions Key Concepts

Goleman and delayed gratification Emotional Intelligence Interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences. Maybe EQ is a better predictor for future success than IQ.defined w. examples American examples

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Distribution go back

Inherited reaction range 84 117 127 Tom Kimberly Enriched Jerome 84 103 Quality of environment (for realizing intellectual potential) 122 Susan Chris Average Lee Top row (left to right): © Rui Vale de Sousa/Shutterstock; © WoodyStock/Alamy; © R. Gino Santa Maria/Shutterstock. Middle row: © Luba V Nel/Shutterstock; © Corbis Cusp/Alamy; © Image Source/Alamy. Bottom row: © photobank.ch/ Shutterstock; © olly/Shutterstock; © swissmacky/Shutterstock. 66 97 125 Jack Jill Alice Theorists use the term reaction range to refer to these genetically determinants of behavior.   According to the reaction-range model, children reared in high-quality environments that promote the development of intelligence should score near the top of their potential IQ range. Conversely, children reared under less ideal circumstances should score lower in their reaction range. Deprived 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 IQ Scores Inherited reaction range Measured IQ, as shaped by interaction of heredity and environment Evolution of Intelligence Testing Basic Questions Extremes of Intelligence Heredity and Environment New Directions Key Concepts

How do we construct an Intelligence Test? crash course Standardized: the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution. Reliable: Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods. Validity: Content or Predictive (or Criterion/SAT or aptitude)

Types of Tests Aptitude Achievement Measure ability or potential. Tests that measure what you have learned.

Does Intelligence Change Over Time? By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores. Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

Wechsler Tests Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists of 11 subtests and cues us in to strengths by using….. Factor Analysis WISC(Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

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Intelligence Extremes LOW HIGH Mental Retardation (IQ below 70) Only about 1% of humans More males than females Studies have shown that they are well-adjusted Some are more isolated, introverted, etc.

Brain Size and Intelligence Is there a link? Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size). Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.

Heritability Khan Academy

Heritability

Heritability

Heritability

Heritability

Individual variation in corn plant heights within each group (cause: genetic variation in the seeds) SEED SEED Field A: More fertile soil Field B: Less fertile soil Genetics and between- group differences on a trait. Leon Kamin’s analogy shows how between-group differences on a trait (the average height of corn plants) could be due to environment, even if the trait is largely inherited. The same reasoning can be applied to ethnic group differences in average intelligence. Differences in average corn plant height between groups (cause: the soils in which the plants were grown) Evolution of Intelligence Testing Basic Questions Extremes of Intelligence Heredity and Environment New Directions Key Concepts

Heritability Conclusion? Nature vs. Nurture Identical Twins reared apart have more similar IQ than Fraternal Twins reared together Fraternal Twins reared together have more similar IQ than other types of siblings reared together. Siblings reared together have more similar IQ than unrelated individuals reared together Correlation between parent/child diminished amongst non-biological parent/child with age. Conclusion? Genetics and Environment play a factor The extent to which each affects intelligence varies with individual situations

Average IQ using 1918 norms IQ scores (1995) Year 90 105 130 100 125 95 120 90 115 IQ scores (1995) Average IQ using 1918 norms 85 110 80 105 75 100 Generational increases in measured IQ. IQ tests are renormed periodically so that the mean score remains at 100. However, research by James Flynn has demonstrated that performance on IQ tests around the world was increasing throughout most of the twentieth century. This graph traces the estimated increases in IQ in the United States from 1918 to 1995. In relation to the axis on the right, the graph shows how average IQ would have increased if IQ tests continued to use 1918 norms. In relation to the axis on the left, the graph shows how much lower the average IQ score would have been in earlier years if 1995 norms were used. The causes of the “Flynn effect” are unknown, but they have to involve environmental factors. 70 95 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Evolution of Intelligence Testing Basic Questions Extremes of Intelligence Heredity and Environment New Directions Key Concepts

Socioeconomic Disadvantage Stereotype Threat example Many social scientists argue that minority students’ IQ scores are depressed because these children tend to grow up in deprived environments that create a disadvantage— both in school and on IQ tests.   Claude Steele has argued that negative stereotypes of stigmatized groups’ intellectual abilities create feelings of vulnerability in the classroom. These feelings of stereotype threat can undermine group members’ performance on tests, as well as other measures of academic achievement. Evolution of Intelligence Testing Basic Questions Extremes of Intelligence Heredity and Environment New Directions Key Concepts

A three-ring conception of eminent giftedness Exceptional intelligence or ability in specific domain Exceptional commitment (motivation) A three-ring conception of eminent giftedness Eminence According to Renzulli (1986), high intelligence is only one of three requirements for achieving eminence. He proposes that a combination of exceptional ability, creativity, and motivation leads some people to make enduring contributions in their fields. Exceptional creativity Evolution of Intelligence Testing Basic Questions Extremes of Intelligence Heredity and Environment New Directions Key Concepts

CREATIVITY convergent.divergent thinking Almost impossible to define. Little correlation between creativity and intelligence. Convergent Thinking versus Divergent Thinking

Divergent Thinking Convergent Thinking used to solve problems that have multiple solutions used to solve problems that have one solution both are types of thinking used to solve problems / answer questions How would you use both to win a couples dance contest? its use requires creativity or thinking “outside the box” its use requires a narrow focus; the ability to correctly interpret the problem/question