URBAN GEOGRAPHY

Urban Geography Focuses on how cities function, their internal structures, and external influences on them Urban area: nucleated, and people that work there perform non-agricultural jobs Nucleated: one or more clear core areas Suburbs: nucleated, but use much more land space for residents that work in the cities

Cultural and Artistic pursuits Centers of education and research Attributes of Cities Centers of political power Centers of industrial power Centers of technology A market place for goods Specialization in products and services Services of all types Medical advances Cultural and Artistic pursuits Centers of education and research Entertainment of all types Sports teams, arenas and parks An anchor of society

Urbanized Areas Continuously built-up landscapes of buildings and populations so that political boundaries are vague Metropolitan Area: large-scale functional entity that operates as an integrated economic whole Metropolitan Statistical Area: a central county or counties with at least one urbanized area of 50,000 people or more Micropolitan Statistical Area: smaller version; contains 10,000 to 50,000 people

Central Business District CBD—nucleus or “downtown” of a city Retail, offices, cultural activities, public buildings, mass transit converge, land values high, high priced land/high rises, No manufacturing (usually) In U.S….little residential; in Europe, you get wealthy residents

Urban Hierarchy Is a ranking of cities based on size and functional complexity Measure the numbers and kinds of functions each city provides (remember range and threshold) Pyramid…with a few large complex cities at the top and many smaller at the bottom

Hamlet-small collection of houses-may have services. Village-several dozen services-stores, gas stations and so forth Town-larger than a village-higher level of specialization-banks, schools, libraries, specialized stores-furniture, appliances, hardware, etc. City-more functional specialization-larger hinterland, greater centrality, well defined CBD and suburbs Metropolis or Metropolitan area-urban area larger than a city Megalopolis-when large metropolises coalesce into a megacity, e.g. Boston to New York Note that some names can be deceiving-villages is used since it sounds friendlier than city of or town of

Rank-Size Rule Large countries…balanced development …and usually an advanced economy …usually an MDC The nth largest city of a national system of cities will be 1/n the size of the largest city Largest city 2nd largest is ½ the size 4th largest is ¼ the size U.S. and a handful of other countries

Primate City A city that is far more than twice the size of the second-ranked city. The capital cities of many LDCs display that kind of overwhelming primacy. Dominant city…can also happen in MDCs Sign of lack of balance Often relates to colonialism

World Cities Internationally dominant centers that together control the global systems of finance and commerce. New York, Tokyo, London

Urban Models

Modeling the North American City Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) Sector model (Homer Hoyt) Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

Classic Models of Urban Structure Ernest Burgess-1925 Concentric Zone Model based on studies of Chicago. CBD-financial, retail, theater, museums etc. Transition to residential with deterioration-some light industry Blue collar labor housing Middle class residential Suburban ring Burgess was a University of Chicago professor of Sociology who studied the culture and urban structure of Chicago. The dynamic inner ring grew and encroached on zones 2 &3 Zone 2 transition between CBD & residential with rooming houses, small apartments, tenements for low income, slums & skid row, some ethnic ghettos Zone 3 Workingmen’s quarters-ethnic neighborhoods of blue collar immigrant workers who moved out of zone 2 in flats or single family dwellings Zone 4 better middle class housing Zone 5 commuter zone of higher income families in suburbs or furthest extent of trolley lines

Functional Zonation The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions). Cairo, Egypt Central city (above) Housing projects (right)

Classic Models of Urban Structure Homer Hoyt-1939 Sector Model based on studies of 142 US cities. Pie-shaped wedges created by Hoyt compensated for the drawbacks of the Ring Model Low Rent areas & High Rent areas could extend to the outer edge Transportation and industrial zones accounted for the sectors Hoyt was an economist who studied housing date for 142 American cities and presented his Sector Model in 1939

Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities) Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman Multiple Nuclei Sector Model 1945 showed that CBD is not the sole force in creating land-use patterns. They said that Concentric Rings & Pie-shaped models had drawbacks as CBDs were losing dominance Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities) Suburbanization accelerated the change with shopping malls and mass transit The multiple nuclei model takes into account the various factors of decentralization that are taking place.

Chicago grew from 30,000 in 1850 to 500,000 by 1861 and 2.3 million by 1911. Chicago experienced explosive growth in the late 19th century. 4 square miles of the city were destroyed in the 1871 Fire Rapidly rebuilt with the industrialists taking the opportunity to build impressive new structures downtown-birth of the skyscraper. The City’s economic and social elite colonized the Lake Michigan shore, while heavy industry, warehouses and rail yards crowded the banks of the Chicago River. To the south the Union Stockyards and a pocket of heavy industry developed where the Calumet River met Lake Michigan. All around were the homes of working families-neighborhoods spread rapidly outward as wave after wave of immigrants arrived. Chicago’s Edge Cities

Galactic Cities Model (Periphery Model) The galactic city model, also known as the peripheral model, was created in the 1960s by Chauncy Harris who also co-authored the multiple nuclei model. ... It has a rapidly growing suburb, and an increasing number of edge cities. A city that is based on this model is very decentralized, this is again due to urban sprawl.

Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework. By 1970 the outer cities were becoming increasingly independent with their own CBDs that duplicated functions of the central city. Regional shopping centers, business and industrial parks developed in the suburban areas due to cheaper land prices and the availability of customers or workers. T. Hartshorn and P. O. Muller described the new urban realms in “Suburban Downtowns and the Transformation of Metropolitan Atlanta’s Business Landscape” in Urban Geography 1989 Post WWII-rapid expansion of cities and suburbs led to Edge Cities with their own CBD

The European City Western European cities are more compact than Canadian cities Same size in pop. As US cities, but smaller in land area European govt. are proactive in maintaining healthy CBDs No sprawl-suburbs are too far out to compete with CBD Greenbelts preserve the central city from close suburban development Very high fuel costs discourage suburban development Central cities are clogged with cars, but mass transit, bikes, and walking are relied on for transportation Zoning rules are strictly enforced and highway and beltway construction lags. Fuel in Europe is about 3X the cost of gas in the US

The European City London-6.4 m., Paris 10.2 m., Rome, Berlin, Madrid and Athens are megacities by world standards These are historic cities not impacted by the Industrial Revolution British Midlands & German Ruhr valley cities are very different-smaller & heavily industrialized-destroyed in WWII Paris, Athens and Lisbon are Primate cities London-view of Parliament Building

The European City-Greenbelts London’s Central city is the same size it was in 1960 Greenbelts were est. to counteract ill effects of Ind. Rev. Open countryside over 20 miles wide has scattered towns, but no extensive suburban areas Many urban parks maintain a green areas within the city

During the second half of the 20th century… Nature of manufacturing changed and locations changed, too. Many factories have been abandoned, creating “rust belts” out of once-thriving industrial districts. Duisburg, Germany

Paris skyline-note old section of city maintained-no skyscrapers here Berlin-historic buildings montage Nordlingen, Germany walled 14th century city

The Eastern European City Eastern European & Russian cities were turned into microdistricts by communist planning Old primate and historical cities were ignored Huge dominant square & wide radiating avenues fronted by huge apartment complexes with factories, schools, shops & so on. No need for CBD, mass commuting or suburbs Budapest, Hungary Microdistricts

The Eastern European City Large 7 to 11 story complexes were rapidly built of shoddy material with no decoration-ugly and depressing Moscow’s growing pop. (11 m.) lives in microdistricts that radiate out from Red Square. St. Petersburg was rebuilt in the ugly socialist style after heavy damage in World War II Red Square in Kremlin during a May Day Parade in the 1970s when The Soviet Union still existed

The Eastern European City Lower Left-Microdistricts in East Berlin as seen through broken Berlin Wall in early 1990s Upper Right-Budapest Microdistricts Lower Left-Poprad, Slovakia with Tatra Mts. in the background

Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) African City (de Blij model) Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery sharp contrast between rich and poor - Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws

The Ibero-American City Latin American cities are growing rapidly-1950= 41% urban, 1997 74% urban CBD dominates the center with 2 main divisions-traditional market and modern high rises A commercial spine and axis of business is surrounded by elite residential housing Griffin-Ford model

The Ibero-American City The spine is an extension of the CBD with offices, shops, high class housing, restaurants, theaters, & parks Zone of Maturity-Middle class housing 2nd best Zone of In Situ Accretion-high pop. Density of modest housing Periphery-Periferico-high density shanty towns of extreme poverty and no services (favelas) Mexico City-Paseo de Reforma a major boulevard from the CBD Favela of Rio de Janeiro on a hillside Unlike America cities-the poverty areas are concentrated in squatter settlements on the outskirts of town-the poorest live the farthest from the CBD

The African City African cities often have 3 CBDs=Colonial, Traditional and Periodic Market Zone Sub-Saharan Africa is the least urbanized area of the world, but the most rapidly urbanizing No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans de Blij model

The African City No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans South African cities-Johannesburg, Cape Town & Durbin are western cities with elements of European and American models-high rise CBDs and sprawling suburbs Nairobi, Kenya

The Southeast Asian City SE Asia-rapid growth of population & cities-1950-15% urban, 1990s-29% urban Most growth in coastal cities like Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) Old colonial port zone surrounds the commercial district Unlike Western cities-no formal business zone, but separate clusters McGee model

The Southeast Asian City Singapore-Container Port Malaysia-Kuala Lumpur-Petronas Towers-highest building in the world if you count the antenna towers Malaysia is building a new capital city 25 miles south of Kuala Lumpur

Ethnic Neighborhoods European City eg. Muslim neighborhoods in Paris Cities of the Periphery and Semiperiphery eg. Mumbai, India

Mumbai, India