B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology 6.0 Fuels: Oil/Natural Gas Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology 1/28/2010, Rev. 2.1.1 fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377 www.fit.edu/~fleslie Rootsweb.ancestry.com

High speed rail at 168 to 180 mph in Florida In Other News . . . Chrysler developing ENVI plug-in hybrid vehicle drive for many models, but Fiat may own them by then Large oil companies are under Federal ruling on January 20, 2009 in the Southern District of Florida because of ethanol-containing boat fuel. The fuel destroys fiberglass fuel tanks, absorbs water and phase separation. --- Maritime Reporter 1/27/09 Lawsuit filed in Tampa to recover damages Jan., 2010 --- could be huge settlement Pres. Obama stated that he wants offshore oil drilling in the State of the Union address, also nuclear plus weatherization of buildings High speed rail at 168 to 180 mph in Florida 100128

6. Events: Oil and Coal-to-Liquids (CTL) 1955 South African Sasol CTL started 1973 Arab oil embargo due to Israel-Egypt Six-Day War 1981 Saudi Ghawar field peaked at 5.7Mbbl/day 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait 1991 First Gulf War 3/19/2003 US invades Iraq 2005 Kuwait’s second largest Burgan field exhausted, 1.7Mbbl/day 10/2008 Crude hits $147/bbl intraday high 2009 Crude oil falls to $33 1/20/2009 Crude oil at $38, $46 on 1/23/09, $73 1/2010 Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created. Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it. Nuclear and geothermal energies aren’t renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large. 100124

6.0.1 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas Petroleum or crude oil is a complex hydrocarbon mixture (mostly gasoline) that is refined to get its constituents or feedstock for chemical transformations Oil (crude) and natural gas are often found in the same area, and thus are treated together in this presentation Oil provides our principal transportation fuels of gasoline and diesel, while natural gas provides heating Coal-to-liquids results in primarily gasoline-like fluids and is just mentioned here Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created. Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it. Nuclear and geothermal energies aren’t renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large. 100128

6.0 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas Reserves Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created. Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it. Nuclear and geothermal energies aren’t renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large. Revised 030124 Ref.: National Energy Technology Lab. Why Combustion? CD_ROM Quads normalize the energy

6.0 About This Presentation 6.1 Oil Consumption 6.2 Oil Refining 6.3 Natural Gas 6.4 Natural Gas Turbine Peaking Power 6.5 Oil/Gas Reserves 6.6 Oil/Gas Transportation Conclusion 100124

6.1 Oil Source and Sink Chart http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/petflow.htm 6.1 Oil Source and Sink Chart Petroleum Flow,  2006 (Million Barrels per Day) Source:   Oil Market Basics http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/default.htm 100128

6.1.1 Amount of oil to be produced and consumed The World consumption of oil was some 74,500,000 barrels of oil per day in 2000 What does this large number represent, and how can we relate to it? [What do 2 million Mac hamburgers look like?] Some interesting figures follow by permission of Jim Woodfin, former Chair of the Sierra Club Turtle Coast Group, Melbourne FL (January, 2003 group meeting) http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/ 100124

6.1.1.1 Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption How can we relate to such large numbers? 74,500,000 Barrels Per Day (year 2000) 3,129,000,000 Gallons Per Day 130,375,000 Gallons Per Hour 2,172,917 Gallons Per Minute 36,215 Gallons Per Second 030129

6.1.1.2a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in West Brevard County ? Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Melbourne, Florida Revised 030124

6.1.1.2b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in the St. Johns River? ? Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Melbourne, Florida River Flow gallons/second 3,115 average 9,000 high Water digitally “replaced” with oil 100124

6.1.1.3a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil ? Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FL Revised 030124

6.1.1.3b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil ? Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FL 43,610 gallons/second A little too much! 070121

6.1.1.4a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil How Long to fill Lake Okeechobee? (1,200,000,000,000 gallons) Revised 030124

6.1.1.4b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil How Long to fill Lake Okeechobee? (1,200,000,000,000 gallons) 394 days Revised 030124

6.1.2.1 Oil History – A chronology Oil was first discovered in ancient times, and asphalt was used to caulk the seams of ships 1814 First oil well in Caldwell, Ohio discovered oil instead of salt water; Darn! (:-(( www.aoghs.org 1829 Oil discovered in Burkesville KY; 50,000 bbls total; they wanted salt water − Why? Hint: food http://www.fohbc.com/images/American%20Oil.pdf 1850 Samuel Kerr distilled oil shale to produce oil 1857 E. L. Drake hired to drill for industrial oil in Pennsylvania 1866 First “gusher” in Texas 1866 PA oil was about $6 a barrel (~$35, 2004; $73, 2010) 1901 Lucas Spindletop “gusher” near Beaumont, Texas, and “Big Oil” began http://www.sjgs.com/history.html 100128

6.1.2 Old Oil Well Field in Pennsylvania See http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-the-worlds-first-oil-field/ for a 3-D photo; adjust browser photo width to match your eye spacing, stare at infinity, and watch the well pop into 3-D There are perhaps 20 stereopticon slides at this site http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-the-worlds-first-oil-field/

6.1.2.2 Oil History – A chronology 1901 Oil found in Louisiana 1905 Oil found in California 1920 Chevron-Texaco prospecting in the Middle East 1932 California Arabian Standard Oil Company found oil in Bahrain 1938 SOCAL discovered oil at Damman, Kuwait In the 1950s, oil and natural gas replaced coal due to the lower pollution and ease of use; natural gas predominated Oil is produced mainly in Saudi Arabia, Russia, and US Some important products are plastics, detergents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, paint rubber, epoxies, recording disks, Crayons Known reserves will be economically gone in mid-21st century (2050) 090124

Crude oil contains many compounds; not homogenous 6.2 Oil Refining Crude oil contains many compounds; not homogenous Refining separates the various compounds by evaporation temperature (fractional distillation) Conversion causes chemical changes to make a different product by recombining the molecular chains Methane (CH4), 1 C; propane, 3C; butane, 4C; pentane, 5C; hexane, 6C; heptane, 7C; octane, 8C Octane rating is percentage of octane mixed with heptane and determines pre-ignition point in a standard engine (knocking is bad for the engine) See http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm for a good animated drawing of distilling crude oil 090124

6.2.1 Crude Oil is A Complex Mixture! The mixture contains many useful products that must be refined out of the crude oil Distillate fuel oil is “diesel” oil or home heating oil Gasoline, a complex mixture, is much of the barrel 090124 http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

6.2.9 Will Oil Shale Save Us? Colorado mined a lot in ~1970s before cheap oil returned From Peoples Gas briefing to FECC

6.3 Natural Gas (NG) History – A chronology 6000-2000 yr BCE Gas seeps discovered in Iran Marco Polo saw gas seeps in 1264 at Baku "Eternal Fires of the Apsheron Peninsula“ http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#baku 1659 Gas discovered in England 1815 NG found in US while digging a well for salt brine 1859 Fredonia Gas Light Co. formed (West New York) 1860 Liquefied natural gas used as a portable fuel 1885 Coffee roasted by NG and air flame 1905 NG discovered in California 1918 Texas well produced 70 million cubic feet of gas per day http://hearth.com/what/gashistory.html 090124

6.3.1 Natural Gas Heating Values State Location Btu/cu. ft. KS Leavenworth 964 MO Kansas City 967 LA Caddo Parish 1039 OK Park City 1076 CA Los Angeles 1108 TX Abilene 1129 OH Cleveland 1150 WV Charleston 1172 Kiefer 1272 Heat content affects the price (true of hot peppers, too! [see Scoville units]) Zerban and Nye, 1952 100124

6.3.2 Butane, Propane, Etc. Energy Densities Name Composition Btu/lb Propane C3H8 21690 Butane C4H10 21340 Coke-oven gas 19320 Blast-furnace gas 1208 Water gas (coke) mixture of CO and H2 6600 Gasoline C8H18 (C6H14 to C12H26) 20336 JP-4 jet fuel 95% kerosene 18725 No. 2 fuel oil C14H30 to C20H42 19440 Hydrogen H2 61100 Crude oil, Avg. US mixture 19589 Harder, 1982; Zerban and Nye, 1952 060115

$200M, 650 MW peaking plant west of Cocoa near I-95 6.4.1 Gas Turbine Peaking Systems such as Oleander Energy Plant at Cocoa FL $200M, 650 MW peaking plant west of Cocoa near I-95 Located close to gas pipeline and transmission lines Five 150 MW aeroderivative gas turbines spin generators (derived from aircraft engines) Muffled hot exhaust is directed straight up into the air A more-efficient design would use heat recovery steam generators to cool the exhaust by making steam That type of combined cycle plant would not qualify under the previous PURPA law, so that wasn’t built PURPA was intended for solar and wind energy systems, but was written inadvertently such that other merchant plants could be licensed; “unintended consequences” 100128

6.4.2 Oleander Energy Plant -- 600 MW 5 x 160 MW The turbine is directly coupled to the generator and jointly turns at 3,600 RPM. The first four combustion turbines produce electricity at 18,000 volts before being “stepped up” in a transformer to 230,000 volts for transmission, while the 5th combustion turbine produces electricity at 18,000 volts before being “stepped up” in a transformer to 138,000 volts for transmission. Now owned by the Southern Company http://www.southerncompany.com/southernpower/pdfs/SP_Plant_Oleander.pdf http://www.constellation.com/generation/oleander.asp 090127

6.4.3 The Mighty Snow Natural Gas Engine This Snow engine ran on natural gas in a New Jersey water plant It produced 400hp, less than some SUVs It’s now in the Florida Flywheelers Museum near Ft. Meade, FL (Sorry, I could only get the right end in the photo) Photo by F. Leslie, 2003 Feb 24 thru 28, 2009 - 18th Annual Antique Engine & Tractor Show www.floridaflywheelers.org/

6.5.1 Estimated Crude Oil Reserves Production Oil in billion barrels to May 2009 hslu.wordpress.com/2009/08/13 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/2 100128

6.5.1 US Imported Crude Oil --- 2003 Crude Oil Imports (Top 15 Countries) (Thousand Barrels per Day) Country Nov-09 Oct-09 YTD 2009 Nov-08 YTD 2008 CANADA 1,984 1,858 1,927 2,028 1,949 MEXICO 951 1,015 1,099 1,296 1,192 NIGERIA 948 853 748 775 927 SAUDI ARABIA 837 938 998 1,487 1,514 VENEZUELA 809 879 983 1,080 1,040 IRAQ 458 499 460 476 636 ANGOLA 408 437 466 450 KUWAIT 287 104 188 292 207 BRAZIL 261 169 304 280 233 ALGERIA 219 327 272 381 319 COLOMBIA 216 282 160 181 RUSSIA 159 238 152 122 ECUADOR 150 174 182 222 210 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 136 32 95 124 75 LIBYA 116 67 66 63 71 100128 http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html

6.5.2 Estimated Natural Gas Reserves Natural Gas in trillion cubic feet http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/sld015.htm 090127

6.6 Oil/Gas Transportation LNG is vented at ~100 psi NG is piped to customers at ~0.5 psi http://www.nkk.co.jp/en/jigyosho/tsu/text_02.html LNG Tankers http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/lngtank.jpg Oil Tanker http://www.kmss.no/www/01/wProd.nsf/AllWeb/14CE017B56B8367FC125694A006CE37D?OpenDocument 090127

Conclusion: Oil & Natural Gas Oil is an energy-dense liquid, easy to store and transport, and thus works well in vehicles Many chemicals are made from oil, thus burning it may prevent a better, higher use for materials Choices are made from the economics and cost of doing business; supply and demand sets prices Natural gas is the feedstock for fertilizers, plastics, etc. 97% of hydrogen is now made from natural gas How can enough hydrogen be made to replace existing transportation fuels? 090127

References: Books Pickens, T. Boone. The First Million is the Hardest. NY: Crown Business, 2008, p. 136. Harder, Edwin L. Fundamentals of Energy Production. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1982. Zerban, Alexander H. and Edwin P. Nye. Power Plants. Scranton: International Textbook Co., 1952. Anon. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2002. Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973. Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991 Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5 Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136 Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4. 090124

References: Websites, etc. Woodfin, Jim. Personal communication. Slides on oil rate from a Sierra Club meeting, 1/23/2003 http://www.naturalgas.org/ http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#baku http://hearth.com/what/gashistory.html http://www.pa-roots.com/~clarion/books/caldwell/oil2.html http://www.koffeekorner.com/koffeehistory.htm http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm a good animated refining process http://www.participate.net/files/syrianaDiscussion.pdf http://www.silverbearcafe.com/private/expectation.html ______________________________________________________________________________- mailto:energyresources@egroups.com www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission www.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22 solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html 080121

Olin Engineering Complex 4.7 kW Solar PV Roof Array Questions? 080116

Slide stockpile follows! Older slides follow this one. Look at these if you have interest or time. It’s difficult to decide what to leave out of the lecture to save time!