ISOGLOSS Isobar? Isotherm?

ISOGLOSS A line drawn on a map between two different realisations of a single linguistic variable.

ISOGLOSS + _ These realizations are often the result of a historical process, such that on one side of the line the process has occurred (+), and on the other it has not occurred (-).

ISOGLOSS b a Here are two isoglosses, showing two imaginary processes which we shall call a and b

ISOGLOSS a +a +b +a -b -a +b b -a -b They split the area into 4 different language varieties.

BUNDLES OF ISOGLOSSES dialect x dialect y Isoglosses often occur in bundles, resulting in different dialectal areas with a transition zone between them.

STRUT/FOOT BATH/TRAP

“Fuzziness” of isoglosses

“Fuzziness” of isoglosses

“Fuzziness” of isoglosses 0% 34% 72% 18% 43% 56% 3% 97% 100% 0% 100%

“Fuzziness” of isoglosses 0% 34% 72% 18% 43% 56% 3% 97% 100% 0% 100%

J.K. Chambers and Peter Trudgill, Dialectology. Cambridge 1980 Chapter 8 Transitions

(Chambers and Trudgill) Fuzziness of phonological isoglosses: 1. Mixed lects This is the area where STRUT words are variably pronounced with or . The figures show the percentages of STRUT words pronounced with : 100 indicates they all are; 50 that only half of them are; 0 that none are. I.e. 0 means a full FOOT-STRUT Split, while 100 means there is no split. (Chambers and Trudgill)

(Chambers and Trudgill) Fuzziness of phonological isoglosses: 1. Mixed lects Northern Southern Northern predominant Southern predominant (Chambers and Trudgill)

(Chambers and Trudgill) Fuzziness of phonological isoglosses: 2. Fudged lects Hatched areas show vowels which are neither nor . (Chambers and Trudgill)