IPM (Integrated Pest Management) Prepared by: Milan Nepali Josheph B.Sc. Agriculture IAAS Paklihawa Rupandehi,Nepal

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) It is one the effective & environmentally sound approach for management of pests. It is an integrated approach comprising of commonly followed practices, biological methods, mechanical methods, cultural methods. It aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level therefore finally rational use of chemicals when the population of the pest exceeds economic injury level. Risk Benefits

History of IPM The history of IPM is as older as human civilization but the model was simple and less developed than todays. Initially when the peoples started living in group they also started growing food crops. Pests became a problem attacked them & their crops. People started mechanical methods and cultural methods. tillage to expose & eliminate soil insects timing of planting, crop rotation pruning, dusting with sulfur

History of IPM (cont’d) Later these methods were refined in late 1800s. Better the crop management practices led to higher production and. food security Slowly mechanization started and green revolution also occurred. People started commercialization.

History of IPM (cont’d) Pest problems became more severe. The search for effective control measures of pests started. Chemical revolution started. Late 1900’s to 1940’s People preferred chemicals to tedious physical and chemical methods Haphazard use of chemicals started. Pests started showing resistant property Problem of pests evolved higher than earlier.

History of IPM (cont’d) Chemical era started in mid 1940’s: DDT, organochlorides, organophosphates & carbamates Sole dependence in chemical started. In 1962: “Silent Spring” by Rachel Carson explaining the environmental and health hazards of chemicals Late 1960’s to 1970’s: Plant protection became a greater concern. Finally IPM evolved out as a concept. Silent Spring

Principles of IPM: Grow healthy crops Regular monitoring and field visit Conservation and promotion of natural enemies Make farmer expert.

“To Keep Pests Below the Economic Injury Level” Cost of control = $ amount of damage caused by the pest Includes amount of pest damage Cost of each control practice Economic threshold level: Pest Population at which a grower must take action to prevent a pest populations from reaching the economic injury level Economic threshold is slightly below the economic injury level

IPM programs includes: Four tiered approach: Set action threshold Monitor and identify pests Prevention Control

Set action threshold IPM first sets an action threshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. Sighting a single pest does not always mean control is needed.

Monitor and identify pests Not all insects, weeds, and other living organisms require control. Monitor for pests and identify them accurately, so that appropriate control decisions can be made.

Prevention focuses on prevention by removing conditions that attract pests, such as food, water, and shelter. Like removing trash and overgrown vegetation, removing standing water, rotating between different crops, selecting pest-resistant varieties, and planting pest-free rootstock.

Control IPM programs evaluate the proper control method both for effectiveness and risk. less risky pest controls are chosen first

IPM control methods: Biological control Cultural control Physical and mechanical control Plant choice Genetic control Pheromone control Chemical control

Importance Of IPM: Reduces pest injury to crop. Helps in identifying, preventing and eliminating the pest. Reduces pest injury to crop. emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro- ecosystems. encourages natural pest control mechanisms.