Civil War’s Legacy Warm-Up: What stands out to you about this map titled “Battles of the Civil War?”

Road to Appomattox Court House Confeds one last attempt  failed Lee [Confed] and Grant [Union] met to discuss surrender Grant offered generous terms 1. Confeds go home w/ horses, sidearms, possessions 2. immunity from prosecution for treason 3. three day's worth of food rations Union had been saved

Gettysburg Address “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Abraham Lincoln November 19, 1863

Large armies also meant large numbers of prisoners Large armies also meant large numbers of prisoners. Both sides, however, were unprepared to care for such large numbers, and the result was terrible suffering on both sides. Elmira, New York, was the site of the most infamous Union prison camp. Of the 12,000 Confederate prisoners kept at Elmira, over 3.000 died from disease, cold, and malnutrition.

Lincoln Expands the Powers of the Presidency “As Commander in Chief in time of war, I suppose I have a right to take any measures which may best subdue the enemy…” - Abraham Lincoln

The Constitution says….. Censored some anti-Union newspapers No law shall be passed abridging freedom of speech or press - Amendment 1                               President Lincoln….. Censored some anti-Union newspapers

The Constitution says… Congress is given the power to raise money and support armies – Article I Sec. 8 Para 12 No money can be taken from the treasury unless approved by law-Article I Sec. 8 Para 12 The Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of rebellion or invasion - Art I Sec. 9 Para 2 and Amendment 5

The Constitution says… No law shall be passed abridging freedom of speech or press - Amendment 1 Accused persons have the right to a speedy trial - Amendment 6

Lincoln Expands the Powers of the Presidency Increased size of army w/o Congressional approval Withdrew 2 million dollars w/o authorization Arrested and jailed anti-Unionists giving no reason for arrest  violates habeas corpus Censored some anti-Union newspapers Set up military courts to try Confederate sympathizers

The negative result of “total war” was that it became apparent that an effective way to hurt the enemy’s ability to fight was to take the war to the source of his supplies. “Total war” meant that farms and factories, railroads and rivers, even cities and civilians, all became military targets.

The most famous example of this was Sherman’s March to the Sea The most famous example of this was Sherman’s March to the Sea. Union general Sherman promised to “make Georgia howl” because a large amount of Confederate food and industrial production was based in Georgia. His armies treated South Carolina, the cradle of Secession, even worse.

In a similar action in Virginia’s fruitful farmland of the Shenandoah Valley, Union general Sheridan made good on his promise that “even a crow flying across the Shenandoah would have to carry his own provisions”. Every farm and field and animal was destroyed.

Painting of Grant’s Union Army finally overtaking the Confederates at Appomattox Court House in Virginia Appomattox Courthouse today

Memories of the Civil War The war had a lasting impact on United States culture. Lincoln and Grant became iconic heroes. Every town and city built memorials to its heroic soldiers, battlefields became sacred places, and stories of the war became part of national folklore. By the 1890s, the veterans of the North and South had reconciled and were holding joint reunions. The South's strong support for the war against Spain in 1898 convinced the remaining doubters that the South was patriotic. However, for decades after the war, some Republican politicians "waved the bloody shirt," bringing up wartime casualties as an electoral tactic. Memories of the war and Reconstruction held the segregated South together as a Democratic block—the "Solid South"—in national politics for another century. A few debates surrounding the legacy of the war continue into the 21st century, especially regarding memorials and celebrations of Confederate heroes and battle flags.

Union Army soldier on his release from Andersonville in May, 1865. Andersonville Prison Camp Sumter, commonly called Andersonville, was one of the largest military prisons established by the Confederacy during the Civil War. In existence for 14 months, over 45,000 Union soldiers were confined at the prison.  Almost 13,000 people died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition, overcrowding, and exposure to the elements. The largest number held in the 26½-acre stockade at any one time was more than 32,000, during August of 1864. The prison was built to hold 10,000. Union Army soldier on his release from Andersonville in May, 1865.

Andersonville Prison--50:20

The casualties in the Civil War exceeded the nation’s loss in all its other wars combined, from the Revolution through Vietnam.

Consequences of the War nation reunited  southern states not allowed to secede S placed under military rule [martial law]  divided into military districts S states had to apply for readmission to the Union Fed gov’t proved itself supreme over states Slavery effectively ended [13th Amendment – 1865] Industrialism began due to wartime production and new tech era of Reconstruction  rebuild US

Lee’s House Before…

Lee’s House After…

Lee’s House After…

RAGE AMIDST CELEBRATION

Booth leaping from the balcony Lincoln

Lincoln’s Assassination 1:22:29

Photograph of Lincoln’s Funeral Procession

Shortly after 10 P.M. on April 14, 1865, actor John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential box at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. and fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln. As Lincoln slumped forward in his seat, Booth leapt onto the stage and escaped out the back door. The paralyzed president was immediately examined by a doctor in the audience and then carried across the street to Petersen's Boarding House where he died early the next morning. Lincoln's assassination was the first presidential assassination in U.S. history. Booth carried out the attack thinking it would aid the South which had just surrendered to Federal forces. The suspicion that Booth had acted as part of a conspiracy of Southern sympathizers increased Northern animosity. Whether Lincoln would have been able to temper the Reconstruction policies enacted by the Radical Republicans in Congress is left to historical speculation because of his untimely death as the United States transitioned from civil war to reunification and peace. John Wilkes Booth

Lincoln-Kennedy Connection Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960. The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters. Both were particularly concerned with civil rights. Both wives lost their children while living in the White House. Both Presidents were shot on a Friday. Both were shot in the head. Both were assassinated by Southerners. Both were succeeded by Southerners.

Lincoln-Kennedy Connection Both successors were named Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908. John Wilkes Booth was born in 1839. Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939. Both assassins were known by their three names. Both names are comprised of fifteen letters Booth ran from the theater and was caught in a warehouse. Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theater. Booth and Oswald were assassinated before their trials.