First–Person–Shooters: Different players, different characters?

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Presentation transcript:

First–Person–Shooters: Different players, different characters? Andreas Wihler & Denise Schollenbruch

Introduction http://www.joehart.co.uk/blog/?p=55 First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Aims of Study Identification of different motive types of players of First-Person-Shooters Characterization of motive types by personality traits & preferred game characteristics First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Sample 384 participants: 377 male, 7 female Age: M = 22.49 (SD = 7.66) First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Sample Duration of play: Beginning age : Complete sample M = 14.10 h/week (SD = 11.22) Beginning age : Complete sample M = 15.28 (SD = 5.67) First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Sample Used media : computer 95.05 % ; playstation 39.32 % Nintendo 37.08 % ; X-Box 14.58 % Others 3,39 % Current played games: First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Method Recruiting via bulletin boards of First-Person-Shooters Used Questionnaires Demographic Variables Importance of game characteristics (e.g. graphics, sound, fascination) Personality traits (Big Five: BFI-K, Rammstedt & John, 2005) Habits of playing First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Habits of playing Questionnaire Factor analysis Item collection via experts Generation of 23 items, 5 point scale (does not apply, does apply) Factor analysis Principal component analysis, varimax rotation Extraction of 2 factors (quality criteria, factor loadings) Emotional habits Behavioral risk First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Results Factor I : Emotional habits Factor II : Behavioral risk If I‘m angry before playing, I feel relieved afterwards. I immerse myself completely in my games. I play when I want to relax. I like playing to win challenges. Factor II : Behavioral risk I disregard social contacts and routine duties for playing. I feel anger after playing. I play because I always do so. I can‘t find an end when I‘m playing. First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Factor I : Emotional Habits Correlations No correlation with personality traits (Big Five) Duration of play .26** Importance of violence .16** Fascination -.15** Detailed environment .13** * p < .05 ** p < .01 First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Factor I : Emotional Habits Interpretation No dangerous, but normal behavior High requirements on graphics of games Playing for anger reduction No compulsion to play First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Factor II : Behavioral Risk Correlations Conscientiousness -.46** Neuroticism .31** Extraversion -.26** Openness to experience -.22** Agreeableness -.15** ** p < .01 First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Factor II : Behavioral Risk Correlations Age -.29** Duration of play .29** Importance of violence .26** Simple plot .12* Simple game structure .12* Simple introduction .11* * p < .05 ** p < .01 First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Factor II : Behavioral Risk Interpretation Compulsive behavior Games used as alternative / proxy for social contacts Games used as distraction of duties First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Further Research and Implications Transfer of factors to other game types? (e.g. strategy games, online role play games) Moderating effect of „Emotional Habits“ on „Behavioral Risk“? Implications on practice: First-Person-Shooter-players should not be to young Time limit for playing Low amount of violence in games First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Thank You! First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Quality criteria Factor analysis Explained variance : 35.15 % Factor I Cronbachs α = .81 Eigenvalue : 4.10 Factor II Cronbachs α = .78 Eigenvalue : 3.63 back First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Quality criteria BFI-K reliability: author’s study‘s α current study‘s α Extraversion .81 .80 Agreeableness .67 .57 Conscientiousness .62 Neuroticism .65 .70 Openness for experiences .71 back First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Factor Loadings Factor I Factor Loading I feel good after playing. .80 I feel better after playing .78 If I‘m angry before playing, I feel relieved afterwards. .67 I immerse myself completely in my games. .55 I play when I want to relax. .53 I play to distract myself from other things. .52 I play when I‘m angry. .48 I supress things around me while I‘m playing. .47 I like playing to win challenges. .42 I like playing in bad weather. .35 I play to pass the time. .33 First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Factor Loadings Factor II Factor Loading I play when I‘m supposed to learn. .68 I disregard social contacts and routine duties for playing. .67 I play because I always do so. .56 I feel anger after playing. .50 I can‘t find an end when I‘m playing. .50 I play on holidays. .49 I stop playing when I‘m frequently losing. .48 I play on weekdays. .47 I play on the weekend. .46 I like playing in good weather. .44 The game still occupies me long after stopping to play it. .44 back First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.

Problems with Method Sample bias due to recrution via online bulletin boards Discontinuation rate ( 667 : 384 = 43 % canceled) few female participants Offending by participants Results in this way not expected First-Person-Shooters – Different players, different characters? © Institut für Psychologie | Abt. AOW | 08.04.2009 | Wihler, A. & Schollenbruch, D.