15 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.1: Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.2: Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 15.3: Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 15.4: Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth Lesson 15.5: Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive System

Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.1 Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems

Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems mitosis versus meiosis development and puberty

Reproduction chromosomes asexual reproduction sexual reproduction made of DNA, contain genes asexual reproduction offspring are a clone of parent Common in plants, fungi Diversity from mutation sexual reproduction a gamete ( ½ genes from each parent combine ~fertilization~ to make a zygote (genetically unique individual) More complicated, more can “go wrong”

Mitosis versus Meiosis

Mitosis versus Meiosis one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells ( 23 pairs to 23 pairs) homologous chromosomes chromosomes duplicate in interphase stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase result two cells, each with 46 chromosomes identical to the mother cell

Mitosis versus Meiosis chromosome number diploid–two copies of each chromosome haploid–one version of each chromosome normal body cells are diploid gametes are haploid

Mitosis versus Meiosis produces gametes, or haploid cells Occurs in the gonads stages meiosis I–homologous chromosomes combine into tetrads, then separate, crossovers occur- genetic diversity meiosis II–sister chromatids separate result four haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each 8 million possibilities

Embryonic and Fetal Development At the 5th week, sex organs develop the same way. if SRY gene is present (sex determining region y) 7th week of development male sex organs begin development if SRY gene is not present 8th week of development female sex organs begin development The “ default setting” is Female ( high FSH, LH) Then they remain low ( nonfunctional) until 8-14 years---puberty

Puberty maturation of the reproductive system development of secondary sexual characteristics females 8-13 Breast development, hair growth, pelvic structure changes Menarche (ovulation) Males -9-14 Larynx growth, vocal folds lengthen Hair growth, nocturnal emission, semen production with mature sperm

Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.2 Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology

Male Reproductive Anatomy

Male Reproductive Anatomy Scrotum (1) and testes (2) sperm produced in testes Seminiferous tubules connect to epididymis sperm mature in epididymis 20 days Connects to the Vas or ductus deferens Winds around up into pelvic canal and exits urethra Testes are temp sensitive! 93.2 degrees F Optimal for sperm motility Cremaster and dartos muscles control temp.

Male Reproductive Anatomy penis delivers sperm to female contains erectile tissue Shaft 2 corpora cavernosa laterally 1 corpus sponginosum centrally, urethra runs through it Glans Penis enlarged end of penis where urethra exits (external urethral orifice) Prepuce encloses glans, “foreskin” Circumcision is the removal of the prepuce Medical benefits?

Passage of sperm ducts of the male reproductive system transport sperm from testes to external urethral orifice Seminiferous tubules Epididymis ductus deferens (scrotum to pelvic cavity) Lateral border of bladder Widens to form ampulla Meets with seminal gland ejaculatory duct Enters prostate Joins urethra

Accessory glands and semen Semen- fluid that contains sperm, nutrients 10% is sperm Volume from accessory glands seminal glands 2 glands that produce 70% of seminal volume (sugar, nutrients for sperm, pH buffers to aid in motility and protection from acidic female tissue, bacterial inhibitor) prostate gland Surrounds urethra and secretes fluid for sperm activation milky, basic fluid bulbourethral glands Lie below prostate, add mucous as precursor to ejaculation to neutralize acidity from residual urine Total fluid volume 2-5 ml and 20-150 million sperm cells

Male Reproductive Physiology- sperm formation Spermatogenesis Occurs in seminiferous tubules Has a single flagella Matures 20 days in epididymus From spermatocyte to released sperm- 9-10 weeks begins at puberty sexual response Erection- engorgement of blood ( Nitric oxide relaxes arterioles of penis allowing it to fill with blood) Ejaculation- discharge of semen from the ejaculatory duct- peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle and urethral sphincter ( prevents urine contamination

Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.3 Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology

Female Reproductive System Anatomy

Female Reproductive System Anatomy the ovaries- female gonads (2), 3 cm long, 1.5 cm wide against the posterior pelvic cavity wall. Follicles, not ducts oocyte egg cells in different stages (mostly primordial) ovulation release of mature egg from the ovary monthly

Female Reproductive System Anatomy ducts of the female reproductive system Open ended, separate from urinary tract uterine tubes connect ovary to uterus Not fully connected at ovarian end (ectopic- medical emergency) Ciliated fimbriae uterus–womb- muscular Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium (functional/basal) Cervix- passageway to vagina

Female Reproductive System Anatomy vagina birth canal Sperm delivered Acidic for bacteriocide external genitalia (vulva) Mons pubis (fat/hair) labia–majora and minora Vestibule Urethra and vaginal openings Clitoris Embryonic precursor to penis, covered by prepuce, exposed glans, nerves

Mammary Glands lactation initiated by Prolactin after childbirth Gland maturation stimulated by estrogen Modified sweat glands over P. major Lactiferous ducts open to skin Darkened area called areola

Oogenesis oocyte production process begins before birth primary oocyte with a single layer of cells Miosis starts, but stops at 1st division 1-2 million primordial follicles at birth ¼-1/2 million survive to puberty secondary oocyte stimulated monthly by FSH after puberty Only goes through part of second division prior to ovulation COMPLETES division after fertilization polar bodies form from other cells (3)

The Female Sexual Cycle also known as the menstrual cycle (21-40 days) ovarian cycle maturation and release of oocyte Follicular phase 1-14 Ovulation Luteal phase 15-end the uterine cycle uterus readies for implantation

The Ovarian Cycle the follicular phase the luteal phase dominant primary follicle only 1 granulosa marks 2nd stage Develops zona pellucida- late stage Fills with fluid (vesicular follicle)- estrogen production increases pituitary gland releases FSH and LH ovulation from LH surge 2ndary oocyte and corona radiata the luteal phase corpus luteum – progesterone secreter dissolves after 10 days if no zygote- causes P and E drop, scar tissue ( corpus albicans)

The Uterine Cycle the menstrual phase 4-5 days the proliferative phase endometrium breaks down and sheds the proliferative phase endometrium grows back with aid of estrogen the secretory phase endometrium prepares to nourish embryo If P drops, signals cycle to start over

Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.4 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth

Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth fertilization of the oocyte must occur within 24 hours of ovulation pregnancy childbirth lactation

Fertilization of the Oocyte the journey of the sperm Flagella wiggling vagina, uterus, uterine tube ( distal 1/3) capacitation takes up to 10 hours A few thousand reach the right place 10 to 15 cm total distance in 5 to 10 min, but 10 hours to complete fertilization sperm penetration- capacitation zona pellucida- worn away by hundreds of sperm acrosomal enzymes acrosomal enzymes wear away protective coat (10 hours)

Fertilization of the Oocyte protection against polyspermy only one sperm is required for fertilization more than one sperm causes death of oocyte chemistry of the zona pellucida changes after sperm entry to block remaining sperm completion of meiosis and fertilization sperm entry causes completion of meiosis ( and final polar body) Nejron Photo/Shutterstock.com

From Fertilization to Implantation cell stages Zygote-0-3 days down uterine tube No size change, but multiple divisions Morula- 16 cells, day 3 Blastocyst- fluid filled cavity forms, then zona sheds Day 4-7 implantation blastocyst binds to endometrium and burrows into wall (about day 12) Called trophoblast Releases hCG and prevents endometrial shed Week 12 – placenta takes this over

From Fertilization to Implantation

Pregnancy lasts approximately 265 days from fertilization to implantation Measured from first day of last menstrual cycle Measured as 280 days or 40 weeks development of the placenta, embryo, and fetus

Development of Placenta, Embryo, and Fetus after implantation to 8 weeks Nutrients from endometrium placenta organ that supplies nutrients to embryo and fetus ( >8 weeks) fetus after 8 weeks of development

Cardiovascular system develops first- 3.5 weeks after fertilization Separate from mothers blood Rh factor Alcohol/drugs Heart begins to beat at ¼ inch in size Placenta takes care of O2 and CO2 transfer Fetus fills uterine cavity by week 13 Amniotic fluid Amnion, chorion, capsularis (umbilicus)

Childbirth parturition Oxytocin sensitivity from estrogen/progesterone Birth 38-42 weeks Oxytocin sensitivity from estrogen/progesterone Initiates labor- cervical pressure from head Positive feedback stages of labor vertex presentation ( head down) better than breech Dilation- 6-12 hours: cervix widens and thins ( effacement) 10 cm Twisting motion of baby Expulsion- dilation to delivery (<1 hour) Contractions every 2-3 minutes until completion and umbilicus cut delivery of placenta

Lactation production of breast milk activation of milk-producing cells prolactin delivery of milk through ducts to the nipple Oxytocin Let down reflex- suction

Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive System Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.5 Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive System

Infertility- inability to conceive After 1 year of attempting male infertility low sperm count erectile dysfunction- impotence Drugs/alcohol/steroids female infertility failure to ovulate (lack of FSH or LH) +/.- amenorrhea inability of egg to reach uterine tube lack of implantation Endometriosis or fibroids

Infertility treatment for infertility in vitro fertilization lifestyle changes drugs to induce ovulation surgery to correct anatomical issues in vitro fertilization oocyte and sperm combined outside mother’s body High incidence of multiples

Sexually Transmitted Diseases viral HIV and AIDS genital herpes human papillomavirus bacterial gonorrhea chlamydia pelvic inflammatory disease

Sexually Transmitted Diseases detection and prevention symptoms genital discharge, sores, rash, burning during urination, and growths prevention condom, abstinence

Cancers of the Reproductive System prostate cancer PSA test cancers of the female reproductive tract uterine cancer ovarian cancer cervical cancer breast cancer