From revolution to revolution 150 years in the history of Hungary Snapshots from the heart of Europe

The Hungarian revolution and war of independence of 1848-49 A revolution broke out in Pest, which extended over the country (15 March 1848)

The Hungarian revolution and war of independence of 1848-49 The longest European national revolution The Hungarian army won several significant battles The Habsburg Monarch was dethroned Lajos Kossuth was elected Governor (14 April 1849) Oppressed by the Habsburgs and the Russian army (13 August 1849, Világos) Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894) The National Museum

12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848 We want freedom of the press, the abolition of censorship. A responsible government in Buda-Pest. An annual parliamentary session in Pest. Civil and religious equality before the law. A Hungarian National Guard. A joint sharing of tax burdens. The cessation of socage [land tenure]. Juries and representation on an equal basis. A national bank. The army must swear to support the constitution, our soldiers must not be dispatched abroad, foreign soldiers must be removed from our soil. The freeing of political prisoners. Union [with Transylvania].

Conclude a compromise 1867 Deák Ferenc – shaped three great periods in the history of 19th-century Hungary: Reform Era, 1848–49 Revolution and War of Independence, Compromise Deák laid down the foundations of the Compromise with his Easter Article of 1865 The Hungarians concluded a compromise with the Habsburgs. A doublecentred monarchy was set up with seats in Vienna and Pest-Buda. A spectacular industrial upswing started The king was Franz Joseph

Hungary-1873 Pest, Buda and Óbuda were united: Budapest became a European metropolis. The buildings of that time : the Opera House - the National Gallery Parliament The first subsurface underground railway on continental Europe was put into operation.

The First World War Hungary as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy got involved in the First World War fighting forces: 7,8 million soldiers (4 million from Kingdom of Hungary). In the First World War Austria–Hungary was fighting on the side of Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey against Serbia (south) Russia (east) and Italy (south-west) great losses by 1918, the economic situation had deteriorated the Central Powers lost the war the Monarchy dissolved.

The Treaty of Trianon 1920 reduced Hungary’s area by two thirds and the population by one third considerable Hungarian minorities in the neighbouring countries

Minorities in and around Hungary

Revisions March 1939, occupation of Carpathian Ruthenia, 12,061 km2. population of 694,000. (15 % of Hungarian origin) 2 November 1938, the First Vienna Award 11,927 km2 869,299 (86.5% of them Hungarians) 30 August 1940, the Second Vienna Award 43,492 km², population of 2,578,100. (51 % of Hungarian origin) April 1941, the annexation of Baranja, Bačka, Međimurje, and Prekmurje, 11,475 km2, population of 1,030,000. (30 % of Hungarian origin)

Losses in WWII Approx. 300,000 Hungarian soldiers and 80,000 civilians died during World War II many cities were damagedmost notably the capital of Budapest. from 1944 onwards (mostly during German occupation) Jews and Roma were deported and over 200,000 exterminated in concentration camps. Hungary's borders were returned to their pre-1938 status after its surrender.

in the Russian battlefront Catastrophic defeat in the Russian battlefront The Hungarian Second Army suffered terrible losses. The heavy Soviet breakthrough at the Don River sliced directly through the Hungarian units. Shortly after the fall of Stalingrad in January 1943, the Hungarian Second Army nearly ceased to exist as a functioning military unit.

The Soviet Army liberated, 1945 The Soviet Army liberated, 1945 The Soviet Army liberated, then occupied Hungary. occupied Hungary then

After World War II, a victorious Soviet Union succeeded in forcing its political, social, and economic system on Eastern Europe, including Hungary.

The Hungarians never reconciled themselves to Soviet hegemony over their country and rebelled against the opression on 23 October 1956.

Time's ”Man of the Year" for 1956 was the Hungarian Freedom Fighter