Rome

Essential Questions 1. What influences did Rome have on the Western world? 2. Compare the Roman Republic to American Democracy. 3. What impact did the Punic Wars have on Rome? 4. What were successful and unsuccessful reforms made by Roman leaders throughout its history? 5. Was the Roman Republic or Roman Empire more successful for Rome? The individuals? 6. What factors led to the spread of Christianity? Which were the most significant? 7. What factors led to the Fall of Rome? What factors were most significant?

-753 BC Romulus built city of Rome Italian Peninsula -753 BC Romulus built city of Rome -Between 800-700 BC seven villages on hills united to form Rome 620 BC Etruscan family gained control of Rome and built roads and a town square called a forum. 534 BC Tarquin the Proud was overthrown Rome Background

Rome What is a Patrician? What is a Plebian?

Rome 494 Plebeians go on strike Demanding: 451 BC 12 Bronze Tablets Tribunes Assembly of Tribes Written Law code 451 BC 12 Bronze Tablets 287 BC Assembly of Tribes could make laws

Roman Republic: Use your book to compare the two….. Rome United States Executive Legislative Judicial Legal Code Citizenship Executive Legislative Judicial Legal Code Citizenship Roman Republic: Use your book to compare the two…..

Roman Legions Originally all men had to serve Adopted Greek phalanx system 6,000 men per division 60 to 120 per phalanx Soldiers were well trained Deserters were put to death

Roman Legions Conquered Peoples Military colonies Kept some government Partial rights Some became citizens Military colonies Used to defend high ground/ river crossings

Rome and Carthage 264 BC

Punic Wars 1st Punic War 264 BC Carthage threatened to seize the Strait of Messina Romans sent force to stop it Rome had stronger army/ Carthage had stronger Navy Rome snares Carthage ships and pulls them in to gain tactical advantage 241BC Rome wins

Punic Wars 2nd Punic War 221 BC Hannibal (Carthage) grabs Spanish city (Rome’s Ally) Hannibal brings 40,000 troops and 40 elephants through Swiss Alps 216 BC Hannibal has defeated most of the Roman Army 202 BC Scipio rallies Romans and defeats Carthage gaining Spain

Punic wars 3rd Punic War 166 BC Carthage begins to rebuild Rome burnt Carthage to the ground enslaving their population and salting their fields 130BC Rome has conquered the entire Mediterranean

Rome Newly acquired land was divided into provinces Define the following terms Proconsuls: Latifundia: Each Province had a tax collector as well Landless farmers filtered into Rome

Fall of Roman Republic 133 BC Tiberius Gracchus gets elected as a Tribune Proposes law to limit size of latifundias Law passes through Assembly of Tribes Killed By Opponents 123 BC Gaius Gracchus Pushes for more land reforms and new court 121BC was killed 111BC Senate ends land reforms 70 BC Pompey and Licinius get elected as consuls 60 BC Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus form triumvirate

Rome- Julius Caesar Caesar conquers Celts and Gaul extending Roman Empire Pompey grows jealous of Caesar ordering him to leave his troops North of the Rubicon River How did Caesar respond to Pompey’s order? What did Caesar's response result in?

Rome- Julius Caesar 45 BC Caesar was named Dictator for Life Caesar reforms Gave jobs to poor Granted citizenship Added reps from provinces to Senate Adopted new calendar 3/15/44 BC “Ides of March”

Rome- 2nd Triumvirate Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian create 2nd Triumvirate. Octavian forces Lepidus into retirement Mark Antony falls in love with Cleopatra and is accused of treason Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Actium 31BC.

Rome- Augustus Caesar 27 BC named Rome’s first Emperor (Senate to advise) August (anointed) Caesar- Grand Nephew of Julius real name Octavian 31 BC Pax Romana Reforms Rebuilt roads Improved grains Tackled gov. corruption Constructed public buildings

Julian emperors 14 BC 68 AD 14 AD Tiberius- Accused many innocent people of treason 37 AD Caligula- Mentally ill, killed by a palace guard 41 AD Claudius- Scholar, but struggled with state affairs 54 AD Nero- Cruel and insane, willing to bankrupt Rome for horse racing and music. Killed his wife, mother, and several others. 68 AD Nero was killed. “What a loss I shall be to the arts” Next 28 years emperors were puppets controlled by the army.

Good Emperors 96 AD Nerva- began custom of an heir 98 AD Trajan- Empire reached it’s greatest extent 117 AD- Hadrian- Consolidated conquests, reorganized bureaucracy 138 AD Antonius Pius- Mostly peace and prosperous 161 AD Marcus Aurelius- Most prosperous period for Rome

Christianity Originally a Sect within Judaism Early Christians were Jews waiting for the messiah 30-33 AD, Jesus of Nazareth Pontius Pilate crucified Jesus Christ

Christianity Those who believe Christ was the messiah became Christians Paul spread the word of Christ Peter established the first church in Rome (first pope) Christianity was still illegal

Christianity Bible: Old Testament (Jewish Torah), and New Testament (written after Christ) Gospels: First four books of New Testament, describe Life of Christ

Christianity 313 Edict of Milan legalizes Christianity in Rome 325 Council of Nicaea organizes Christianity 391 Christianity becomes official religion of Rome 476 Rome fell, but Christianity remains intact and dominant

Christianity St. Augustine of Hippo Church Hierarchy Confessions- confesses is love and devotion to God City God- Says to Love God First Church Hierarchy Pope Archbishop/ Cardinal (later) Bishop/ Prior(later) Priest/ Monks (later) Friar (later)

Roman Decline Commodus is very Nero like 192 – 284, 28 emperors are killed Constantly fighting Germanic Tribes such as the Goths, Visigoths, Huns, Franks, and Saxons Economy declined, inflation set in Diocletian Split empire into east/west Edict of Prices Froze Wages Set Economic Prices Prevented farmers from leaving Constantine Chained workers to farms Made jobs hereditary Founded Constantinople in East Theodosius Officially split Rome into two East becomes Byzantium Empire

Roman Decline Visigoths- 300’s – 400’s Huns 476 AD Killed Eastern Emperor Actually sacked Rome Huns Attila the Hun Visigoths 476 AD 14 year old Romulus Augustulus was killed by German General Died without an heir & was never replaced The Byzantium Empire remained in power until 1453 AD