Vascular Plants with Seeds

Vascular Plants with Seeds Two main types 1. Gymnosperms 2. Angiosperms

Gymnosperms “naked seed “ plants seeds in cones or scales Includes: 5 phyla 1. Phylum Coniferophyta 2. Phylum Cycadophyta 4. Phylum Ginkgophyta 5. Phylum Gnetophyta

Phylum Coniferophyta 1. Common name: Conifers 2. Examples: pines, firs, spruces, junipers, larches, yews 3. Needle or scale-like leaves 4. Most of the evergreen trees or shrubs

Phylum Cycadophyta Common name: Cycads Example : Cycas Palm-like leaves, lives in tropics Evergreen trees and shrubs

Phylum Ginkgophyta Common name : Ginkgoes Example: Ginkgo biloba Only one remaining species Deciduous trees with fan-shaped leaves Fleshy seeds Used as a memory-enhancing food supplement

Phylum Gnetophyta Common name: Gnetales Examples : Ephedra, Welwitschia Gymnosperm (“naked seed” shrub or vine with some angiosperm characteristics Stimulant used in diet supplement Welwitschia mirabilis

Angiosperms Plants with seeds inside fruits Includes : trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines with flowers One phylum : Phylum Anthophyta rhododendron sage grape vine

Phylum Anthophyta Contains two classes: 1. Class Monocotyledones 2. Class Dicotyledones corn bean

Phylum Anthophyta 1. Class Monocotyledones (Monocots) iris 1. Class Monocotyledones (Monocots) A. Examples : palm trees, grasses, lilies, irises, orchids Tiger lily orchid Pampas grass palm

Class Monocotyledones B. Embryos with one seed leaf (cotyledon)

Class Monocotyledones C. Parallel leaf veins

Class Monocotyledones D. Flower parts in threes or multiples of three

Class Monocotyledones E. Vascular bundles in stems scattered randomly

Phylum Anthophyta 2. Class Dicotyledones (Dicots) A. Examples: roses, daisies, most deciduous trees

Class Dicotyledones B. Embryos with two seed leaves cotyledons Bean seedling

Class Dicotyledones C. Leaf veins in a net-like pattern (palmate or pinnate) Palmate venation Pinnate venation

Class Dicotyledones D. Flower parts in groups of four or five

Class Dicotyledones E. Vascular bundles in stems arranged in a ring pattern

Angiosperms (a.k.a., flowering plants) Carpel (♀) Flower stalk expands at the tip into a receptacle - bears other flower parts in whorls (circles) Stigma Style Ovary Petal Anther Filament Sepal (♂) Stamen Ovule Receptacle

Angiosperms Key Haploid Diploid Microsporangium Anthers contain microsporangia that produce microspores Microspore Meiosis Pollen Each microspore forms a pollen grain (a male gametophyte) Sporophyte Meiosis Megasporangium Gametophytes Ovules contain megasporangia that produce megaspores Megaspore Embryo sac Each megaspore forms an embryo sac (a female gametophyte) Fertilization Fig. 30.10

Angiosperms Fig. 30.10 Pollen disperses to stigmas Key Haploid Diploid Microsporangium Pollen disperses to stigmas Microspore Meiosis Double fertilization is unique to angiosperms Pollen Sporophyte Seedling Sperm enter an ovule through a micropyle Meiosis Megasporangium Gametophytes Megaspore From a single pollen grain, one sperm unites with the egg to produce a zygote; Embryo Embryo sac Egg the second sperm unites with 2 nuclei of the embryo sac to produce triploid (3n) endosperm Zygote 2 sperm Fertilization Fig. 30.10 Endosperm