The Human Body: An Orientation

The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable

Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4

Levels of Organization Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity: Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Organism System Level Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 1 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Figure 1-1 2 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Atoms in combination Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 3 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 4 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Tissue Level Cardiovascular Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 5 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Tissue Level Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 6 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Organism System Level Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 7 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

The Integumentary System Figure 1-2(a)

Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores mineral Figure 1.2b

The Skeletal System Figure 1-2(b)

Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

The Muscular System Figure 1-2(c)

Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

The Nervous System Figure 1-2(d)

Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

The Endocrine System Figure 1-2(e)