Utopian Visions: The Soviet Experience through the Arts

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Presentation transcript:

Utopian Visions: The Soviet Experience through the Arts Jan Plamper, Simon Huxtable

Week 3 Outline

Week 3 Russian History Part 2 (1917-present)

October Revolution of 1917

…recapitulating…

Vladimir Lenin in 1917

Lenin’s April Theses, 1917

Russian Civil War 1918-21

War Communism…

(1) nationalisation of enterprises

(1) nationalisation of enterprises (2) class warfare in village

Bolshevik victory…

…USSR founded in 1922

NEP 1921-1927: Retreat from War Communism

Stalin’s dictatorship established by 1927

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

Stalin speech, 7 Nov. 1941 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IGbjPqFFvA

Great Break, 1928-32 First Five-Year Plan (in four years)

(1) collectivisation of agriculture

Kolkhoz (collective farm) and tractor

Famine of 1932-33

(1) collectivisation of agriculture (2) industrialisation

Magnitogorsk

Socialist Realism, 1932

(1) unification of cultural workers

(1) unification of cultural workers (2) change in aesthetics

From avantgarde… Kazimir Malevich, Mower (1930)

…to realism Aleksandr Gerasimov, Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin (1938)

Great Terror/Purge or ‘1937’

Great Terror, 1936-38: (1) show trials

Great Terror, 1936-38: (1) show trials (2) at least 700,000 shot

NKVD mugshot of poet Osip Mandelstam, 1891-1938

Great Terror, 1936-38: Four explanations

Great Terror, 1936-38: Explanations Totalitarian (e.g. Robert Conquest), 1950s-80s: strong dictator, centrally organised terror society atomised, no resistance commonalities between Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and USSR

Great Terror, 1936-38: Explanations Revisionist (e.g. Arch Getty, Sheila Fitzpatrick), 1980s: weak dictator, terror from below: people participate in terror for instrumental reasons self-radicalising dynamics of terror

Great Terror, 1936-38: Explanations War Scare (e.g. Oleg Khlevniuk), 1990s: strong dictator, centrally organised terror fear of 5th Column ( Spanish Civil War)

Great Terror, 1936-38: Explanations Discursive (e.g. Igal Halfin), 1990s: logic of Bolshevik language leads to terror once utopia is proclaimed achieved (in 1936 Stalin Constitution) agency rests in language itself

Second World War: 1939-1941

‘Great Patriotic War’: 22 June 1941 - 9 May 1945

Postwar Stalinism, 1945-53

Zhdanovism, 1946-53

Zhdanovism, 1946-53: (1) nationalism

Zhdanovism, 1946-53: (1) nationalism, anti-Semitism (2) against ‘formalism’

Soviet atomic bomb, 1949  USSR and USA = superpowers

Khrushchev period, 1953-64

De-Stalinisation, 1956-

 idea: return to Leninist beginnings

Nikita Khrushchev in USA, 1959

‘Thaw’ in culture

Brezhnev’s ‘Golden Age’ or ‘Stagnation’? 1964-82

Brezhnev and Nixon in Washington, 1973 Détente, 1969-79 Brezhnev and Nixon in Washington, 1973

Senile Leonid Brezhnev, New Year’s Address in 1979 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1NnuPHuHJA

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1985-91

Youthful Gorbachev with wife Raisa and Ronald and Nancy Reagan, 1987

(1) Glasnost (openness)

(1) Glasnost (openness) (2) Perestroika (restructuring)

 idea: return to Leninist beginnings

Postsoviet era, 1992-

Dissolution of USSR

President Boris Yeltsin, 1992-99 On 19 Aug. 1991 during Coup

President Vladimir Putin, 2000-