Plant Structure

Root and Shoot Root Underground structures with the following functions: Anchor Absorption water minerals

Types of Root System Fibrous Network of fiber type roots that spread over large amount of space Tap Single large root that can also store food Adventitious Above ground-prop roots

Shoot Two types Vegetative Stem leaf bearing's Reproductive Flower

Stems Stem Axillary and terminal buds Made up of nodes (areas where leaves and other branches will form) and internodes(areas between nodes). Axillary and terminal buds Axillary Form on sides of stem Terminal Form at end of stem

Apical Dominance When a terminal bud is present the formation of axillary buds is repressed. Found in young growth

Alternative Stems Stolons Rhizomes Tuber Runners in strawberries Underground stems Tuber (potato) Swollen tips of rhizomes Bulbs Undergound leaves(onions)

Leaves 3 parts Blade Petiole(sheathe if no petiole is present) Nodes

Evolved Leaves Tendrils Spines Colorful Vines-clinging to structures Protection in cactus Colorful Attract pollinators

Tissues 3 layers of tissues Dermal Vascular Ground

Dermal Epidermal Single cell layer thick Found on all plant organs Specialize based on structure it covers Root hairs Cuticle

Vascular Tissue Transportation in Plants Xylem Phloem Carry water and minerals up the plant from roots Phloem Carry food product from mature leaves to non-photosynthetic parts of plant

Xylem Made up of two structures Dead at maturity Tracheids Vessel elements Dead at maturity Form a non-living conduit through plant

Xylem continued Tracheids Vessel elements Long and tapered at ends Thick cell walls (help with support of plant) Perforated ends Vessel elements Thin cell walls Short cells

Phloem Sieve tube members Companion cells Alive at maturity Pass sugar down Lack nuclei ribosomes and vacuoles Companion cells Nucleated alongside the sieve tube Members aide in passing material

Ground All tissues that are not vascular or epidermal Pith Inside vascular tissue Cortex Outside vascular tissue Functions: Support Storage Photosynthesis

3 types of cells Parenchyma Schlerenchyma Collenchyma These cells make up all tissues in plant

Cells form tissue by sticking together with middle lamella Cells are interconnected by plasmodesmata Some cells form secondary cell walls when finished growing

Parenchyma Thin and flexible Lack secondary cell walls Make sieve tube in phloem Make up most metabolic tissues Photosynthesis Food storage cells Differentiate into other cells Make new plant from one

Collenchyma Living at maturity Thicker primary cell wall Unevenly distributed Found in young shoot growth

Schlerenchyma Thickened cell walls Supported with lignin Support Dead at maturity Make up xylem Tracheids Vessel elements

Made up of fibers and sclerids Fibers Long tapered strands Hemp-rope Flax-linens Sclerids Long strands bundled together for support