Organization of the Body Chapter 1

A. Overview of Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – Structure of body parts and their relationship to each other Concrete – Can be seen/felt/examined Don’t have to imagine it Physiology – Functions of the body

3. Topics of Anatomy (pg 19) a. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy – visible b. Microscopic anatomy 1) Cytology – study of cells 2) Histology – study of tissues c. Developmental anatomy 4. Not really possible to separate anatomy from physiology

B. Levels of Organization Simplest – chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Molecules form organelles Cellular level Cells have a common function Cells can vary widely

3. Tissue – groups of similar cells a 3. Tissue – groups of similar cells a. Epithelium – Covers the body surface and lines cavities b. Muscle – gives movement and posture c. Connective – supports and protects body organs d. Nervous – provides communication

4. Organ – structure composed of at least 2 tissues that performs a function 5. Organ system – multiple organs working together 6. Organism – everything working together which provides life

C. Homeostasis Temperature Ability to maintain stable internal conditions Temperature Chemical levels: glucose, K, Na, Cl, CO2, O2, pH, other ions Blood pressure Almost every organ helps (Nervous/endocrine systems)

3. Receptors monitor environment and send signals to control center (feedback mechanisms) 4. Control center decides what to do 5. Effector carries out the action

D. Language of Anatomy 1. Anatomical Position – standing, feet slightly apart, palms outward

2. Directional terms a. Superior – toward the head or upper part of structure b. Inferior – away from head or lower part of c. Ventral (anterior) – toward the front d. Dorsal (posterior) – toward back e. Medial – toward midline

f. Lateral – away from midline g. Proximal – closer to the spot of attachment on body trunk h. Distal – farther from the spot of attachment on body trunk i. Deep – away from surface Superficial – near surface Central – near center of body or organ (CNS) Peripheral – away from center of body or organ (PNS)

m. Axial – head, neck, and trunk n m. Axial – head, neck, and trunk n. Appendicular – upper and lower limbs 3. Planes (pg 5) a. Saggital – divides body into left and right sides b. Frontal (coronal) – divides body into front and back parts c. Transverse – divides body into top and bottom

E. Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal body cavity Protects the fragile nervous system organs Made of cranial and spinal cavity Cranial – protects brain Spinal cavity – protects spinal cord Are continuous Ventral body cavity a. Holds organs

b. Made up of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity 1) Thoracic – behind ribs, heart & lungs 2) Abdominal a) Diaphragm to iliac crest b) Holds s. & L. intestines, stomach, liver, spleen, and gallbladder 3) Pelvic a) Iliac crest to lower pelvis b) Reproductive organs & bladder

When you are in a car accident, why are your stomach, intestines, and spleen at a higher risk of being injured than your heart and lungs?

3. Oral cavity – mouth 4. Nasal cavity – posterior to nose 5 3. Oral cavity – mouth 4. Nasal cavity – posterior to nose 5. Orbital cavities – house the eyes 6. Middle ear cavities – carved into skull

7. Membranes a. Cranial and vertebral membranes – meninges b 7. Membranes a. Cranial and vertebral membranes – meninges b. Thoracic membrane 1) Lungs – Pleura a) Parietal pleura – connects to cavity wall b) Visceral pleura – connects to lung 2) Heart – Pericardium a) Parietal pericardium – outside membrane b) Visceral pleura – connects to heart

Membranes Heart Lung

c. Abdominal and Pelvic Membranes 1) Parietal peritoneum – cavity walls 2) Visceral peritoneum – encases organs

F. Abdominal Quadrants (pg 7) Belly button is landmark Upper left and right Lower left and right

G. Systems of the body Integumentary – covers body; glands, hair, nails Skeletal – structure; bones Muscular – movement; muscles, ligaments, tendons Nervous – homeostasis and movement; brain, nerves, and 5 senses Endocrine – hormones Digestive – getting/transporting energy

7. Respiratory – breathing 8 7. Respiratory – breathing 8. Circulatory (cardiovascular) – pumping blood and nutrients 9. Lymphatic – immune system 10. Urinary – get rid of waste and regulate water (kidneys/bladder) 11. Reproductive – produce offspring

H. Regions of the body Abdominal – b/w thorax and pelvis Axillary – armpit Brachial – upper arm Buccal – cheek Carpal – wrist Cephalic – head Cervical – neck Costal - ribs

9. Digital – finger 10. Dorsal – back 11. Femoral – thigh 12 9. Digital – finger 10. Dorsal – back 11. Femoral – thigh 12. Gluteal – buttocks 13. Lumbar – lower back b/w ribs and pelvis 14. Mental – chin 15. Occipital – lower back of head 16. Oral – mouth 17. Orbital – eye cavity

18. Palmar – palm 19. Pectoral – chest 20. Pelvic – pelvis 21 18. Palmar – palm 19. Pectoral – chest 20. Pelvic – pelvis 21. Plantar – sole of foot 22. Sacral – posterior region b/w hipbones 23. Sternal – middle of thorax, anteriorly 24. Umbilical – the naval 25. Vertebral – spinal column

I. Disease Categories Acute Sudden onset Usually lasts short time Chronic Less severe Lasts long time Systemic – malfunction of major organ system