Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

A&P Anatomy- branch of science for the structure (morphology) of the body Physiology- functions of the body or parts of the body Structure and function are closely associated Example: Hand with joined fingers (Anatomy) is used to grasp objects (Physiology)

What do you think the 10 characteristics of life are?

Characteristics of Life Movement- self initiated external as well as internal movements (blood) Responsiveness- sense and react to changes inside or outside the body Growth- increase in body size Reproduction Respiration- obtaining oxygen, use for cell respiration and remove wastes

Characteristics of Life Cont. Digestion- chemical or physical Absorption- passage of substances through membranes Circulation- movement of substances in the body (usually with body fluids) Assimilation- changing absorbed substances into new forms Excretion- removal of wastes

What do you think are 5 things an organism needs to survive?

Maintenance of Life Needs of organism Water- transport substances, regulate temperature, required for metabolic processes Food- nutrients for energy, building blocks, and chemical reactions Oxygen- metabolic processes Heat- rate of reactions Pressure- atmosphere, blood pressure etc.

Homeostasis Need a relatively stable internal environment (concentrations, temp, pH, pressure) This maintenance is called homeostasis External environment changes Thermostat- room and human, negative and positive feedback, control center, receptor

Levels of Organization Atoms(smallest) Molecule Macromolecule Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms (largest)

Organization of Human Body

Body Cavities

Body Cavities Two major cavities with axial portion- Dorsal Cavity (back) Ventral Cavity(front)- divided into upper and lower regions by diaphragm Thoracic Cavity – chest (contains heart and lungs) Abdominopelvic Cavity- abdomen and pelvic region 1. Cranial Cavity- brain 2. Vertebral Cavity- spinal cord

Organization of Human Body Cont. Organs found within cavities are called visceral organs 2 Body membranes within these cavities Parietal Membrane- lines a body cavity Visceral Membrane- covers a vital organ covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE. b. lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE.

Anatomical Terminology When anatomical position standing straight, face forward with arms at side and palms facing forward

Relative Position Superior- above or closer to head Inferior- below or closer to feet Anterior- (Ventral) front Posterior- (Dorsal) back Medial- equal left and right halves, closer to the middle line

Lateral- toward one side Proximal- closer to attachment point or trunk of body Distal- farther from attachment point or trunk of body Superficial- surface Peripheral- outward, near surface Deep- internal parts

Body Sections Saggital- cut lengthwise into R and L sections Hint: “sides” Transverse- cut into inferior and superior Hint “upper & lower” Frontal (Coronal)- cut into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections Hint “front and back”

Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary system- skin, hair nails for protection, sensory and temp regulation Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Lymphatic System Urinary (excretory System) Reproductive System