Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy Ana- up, temos/tomos- cutting Study of the Dissections Study of the structures in the body Physiology Physis- nature, logos- study Study of the functions of the body’s parts

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function The form of each body structure allows that structure to carry out its specific function Function follows form, and form follows function Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form

The Anatomical Position Body planes, regions, cavities and directional terms assume that the body is in the anatomical position The anatomical position is described as: Standing (or lying) facing front (or up) Feet together pointed forward Palms up, thumbs pointing away from the body.

The Skeleton is divided into: Axial Portion of Skeleton Head/ Skull Cranial Facial (orbital, middle ear, nasal, oral) The vertebral column The Trunk/ rib cage Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

Appendicular Portion of Skeleton The right and left upper limbs (arms) The right and left lower limbs (legs) *Includes shoulder & hip bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Body Planes and Regions The body is subdivided into regions, planes, and cavities based on position or anatomical location:

Body Planes: Just as there are three planes in space (3 dimensions) the body has 3 spatial planes Coronal or Frontal Splits body into anterior and posterior halves Midsagittal (sagittal) Splits the body into right and left halves Sagittal- any cut within that plane Transverse or Horizontal Divides the body into upper and lower halves

Name that body plane!

Skull—section? Heart—section ? Name this head section!

The Axial Skeleton Contains Body Cavities: Cranial Vertebral Thoracic Pleural (ea. houses a lung) Pericardial (encloses heart) Abdominal Pelvic Scrotal (external)

Body Regions: will be studied through a lab later We’ll examine body region terms such as: Abdominal Acromial Antebrachial Antecubital Axillary Brachial Carpal Celiac Cephalic Gluteal Pectoral Pedal examples

Other Types of Anatomy Vocabulary Include: Body surfaces Location reference words Directional terms

Body Surfaces: Rear—Posterior/ Dorsal Front—Anterior/ Ventral

*These are based on 2 body areas/parts in relation to each other* Location Reference Words: *These are based on 2 body areas/parts in relation to each other* 1. Superior = body parts above other parts 2. Inferior = body parts below other parts

Cranial = body parts near the head 4. Caudal = (towards the tail) = body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal column (or near the tail bone)

5. Medial = body parts located towards the middle or midline of the body 6. Lateral = body parts located away from the midline or middle of the body

Proximal = body parts close to the point of reference (“point of attachment”) 8. Distal = body parts away from the point of reference Think arms and legs!

Superficial = toward the surface of the body Deep = away from the surface of the body Plantar = on or towards the sole of the foot Palmar = on or towards the palm of the hand

13. Anterior = (Ventral)- towards the front 14. Posterior = (Dorsal)- towards the back

15. Supine = lying face up 16. Prone = lying face down *thumbs should be pointing out

A Few Directional Movement Reference Words: Abduction = to move (an upper or lower limb) away from the mid-line of the body Adduction = to move (upper or lower limb) towards the mid-line of the body Extension = to increase the angle between bones (straighten a limb) Flexion = to decrease the angle between bones (bend a limb)