TOPIC 4.1 – SPECIES, COMMUNITIES & ECOSYSTEMS

4.1 – A – Organization

IB BIO – 4.1 Ecology is the study of how organisms interact both with each other and with their environments. 3 INTRO Ozone Layer Danger - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLY8m-dXOxo https://sasscer.files.wordpress.com https://sasscer.files.wordpress.com

IB BIO – 4.1 Members of a species are organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. This means that their children can have children. 4 Understandings U1: Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring. * Sometimes, members of different species can breed, but their hybrid offspring are sterile. Key Terms Species Fertile https://wordlesstech.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Earth-is-home-to-8.7-million-species.jpg

IB BIO – 4.1 Populations are formed by multiple members of a species living and interacting in the same area. Members of a species can be split into different populations. If far enough apart, the populations will not be able to reproduce. 5 Understandings U2: Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations. Key Terms Population http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/320-lions-historic-range-map.jpg

IB BIO – 4.1 Communities are formed by populations of different species that live in the same area and that interact with each other. 6 Understandings U7: A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each other. The community in this photo includes: All species of fish Sea turtle Coral Any microscope organisms in the area Key Terms Community https://loatree.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/amazing-coral-reefs-12.jpg

What are the abiotic components here? IB BIO – 4.1 Ecosystems form from the interactions between a community and its abiotic factors in the environment. These are the non-living aspects such as terrain, temperature, light, weather, water, nutrients, etc. 7 Understandings U8: A community forms an ecosystem by its interactions with the abiotic environment. Key Terms Ecosystem Abiotic Factors What are the abiotic components here? https:// https://aos.iacpublishinglabs.com/question/aq/1400px-788px/components-ecosystem_fd9af634cd7d4843.jpg

IB BIO – 4.1 Identify examples of: species, population, community & abiotic factors REVIEW Ozone Layer Danger - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLY8m-dXOxo

4.1 – B – Nutrition & Sustainability

IB BIO – 4.1 All organisms require a source of organic nutrients, which are needed for growth and reproduction. There are two types of methods used to obtain these compounds: Heterotrophic - carbon compounds are obtained from other organisms (aka feeding on others) Autotrophic – carbon compounds are made from CO2 and simple substances (aka self feeding) 10 Understandings U3: Species have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition (a few species have both methods). Key Terms Autotrophic Heterotrophic https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/945/flashcards/98945/jpg/picture31318351473096.jpg

IB BIO – 4.1 Consumers are a type of heterotroph that feed on other organisms. The organisms they ingest can either be alive or dead for a short period of time. They internally digest materials and absorb products in their digestive tracts. 11 Understandings U4: Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by ingestion. Key Terms Consumers https://4eso6phymodee.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/t2q08661.jpg

IB BIO – 4.1 Detritivores are a type of heterotroph that internally digest detritus, which consists of decomposing organic matter. Saprotrophs are a type of heterotroph that externally digest detritus. They excrete digestive enzymes and absorb the products. 12 Understandings U5: Detritivores are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion. U6: Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Woodlice_in_tree_bark.jpg

IB BIO – 4.1 Autotrophs obtain necessary elements in the form of inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment (mostly soil/air). These nutrients include: 13 Understandings U9: Autotrophs obtain inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment. Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Water Nitrates Phosphorous Key Terms Inorganic Nutrients http://aven.amritalearning.com/userfiles/1/image/Photosynthesis_media.jpg

IB BIO – 4.1 The supply of inorganic nutrients on Earth is maintained by nutrient cycling. Nutrients cannot be made by organisms. Instead, they are passed on through consumption, waste matter and decomposition. 15 Understandings U10: The supply of inorganic nutrients is maintained by nutrient cycling. Key Terms Nutrient Cycling http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/images/resources/images-learning/module-2-figure-5-soil-nutrient-cycle/image

IB BIO – 4.1 Sustainability refers to the ability of a system or process to continue indefinitely. When resources are used faster than they can be replaced, unsustainability results in resources being depleted. 17 Understandings U11: Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of time. For example, the human use of fossil fuels in unsustainable. Since the resources are not being replaced and use is increasing, fuel sources will eventually be depleted. Key Terms Sustainability http://dailysignal.com/wp-content/uploads/460310959.jpg

4.1 – C – Quadrat Sampling

IB BIO – 4.1 Skill S4: Testing for association between two species using the chi-squared test with data obtained by quadrat sampling. Key Terms Quadrat Chi-square

IB BIO – 4.1 Chi-square

IB BIO – 4.1 It is possible for natural ecosystems to be sustainable over long periods of time For this to happen there are three requirements: Nutrients must be available through the nutrient cycle Waste products of species should be detoxified and used by others Energy must be available, usually from the sun or heat 21 Understandings U11: Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of time. Key Terms Sustainability http://dailysignal.com/wp-content/uploads/460310959.jpg

IB BIO – 4.1 Sealed mesoscosms are enclosed areas that can be used in ecological experiments. Setups like the one shown here can be used to study the effects of factors on the system as a whole. Factors that might affect sustainability include: Light availability Types and populations of producer species Types and populations of consumer species 22 Skills S2: Setting up sealed mesocosms to try to establish sustainability. (Practical 5) Key Terms Mesocosm https://www.philpoteducation.com/pluginfile.php/1202/mod_book/chapter/1142/4.2.1a.jpg

REVIEW Describe heterotrophic and autotrophic methods of nutrition. IB BIO – 4.1 Describe heterotrophic and autotrophic methods of nutrition. Compare nutrition methods of saprotrophs and detritivores. Describe how autrophs obtain inorganic nutrients. Describe the nutrient cycle. Define sustainability Outline the requirements for sustainability to occur in natural ecosystems. 23 REVIEW