selection of materials, stresses

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Presentation transcript:

selection of materials, stresses Prepared by: Modi Parth S.- 130280119047

machine elements

general purpose machine elements static elements joints frames springs (mechanical) drive systems bearings shafts couplings & clutches drives vessel systems pipes valves tanks (technical fluids)

material DESIGN manufacturing money optimum - opportunism time, place

aims no failure (surface or volume) no big deformations enough service time

loads mechanical  forces, moments… thermal  chemical changing in place/ time … static cyclic dynamic

materials metals plastics ceramics composite density conductivity ferrous/ non~ cast iron steel carbon/ alloy plastics ceramics composite density conductivity … elasticity plasticity ductility brittleness toughness (impact) creep

loads & stresses Stress distribution uniforn/linear (Mohr, H-M-H)

loss of stability Buckling elastic/ plastic

Tensile test Load  deformation stress – strain diagrams ductile – carbon steel rigid – cast iron

simplifyed material models elasto-plastic rigid

test YS ReH UTS Rm UTS YS real eng.

strain hardening

elastic properties elastic (Young) modulus: E [MPa] (Hook’s law s = Ee) shear modulus: G [MPa] (t = Gg)

main static properties elastic limit Rp0.2 yield strength ReH ultimate tensile strength Rm maximal strain A hardness HHB… Charpy (V-notch) test Kcu

Influencing factor – (not only) static load Stress concentration shape factor αk > 1

sudden area changes

Influencing factor – dynamic load  Tényl= d  dynamic load factor 1.1~ 3 Depending on machine type & size (handbooks, measurements, calculations)

Periodic stresses fatique propagating crack – final static break 90-95% of all failures!

types of varying load σv σr cycle assymetry ratio Fatique limits cycle assymetry ratio cycle mean stress ratio

notch sensitivity ηk (0.5-1.0 )