AP EURO Unit #5 – Nationalism of 19th Century PPT #510 Changing Families and New Science and educated beliefs

Analyze this graph… 1 3 1. England was industrializing during this era. Why might this % rise during this era? 2. How did the Agricultural Revolution play a part? 3. England entered into the “Victorian” era. Why might this % drop during this era?

Gender Roles Affection and sexual relationships – women now count How did Industrialization effect gender roles? Women were to face HUGE discrimination after 1833 in the work place. Why? Ex: pay was WAY lower Good jobs were off limits Was that discrimination justifiable? Married women subordinated to their husbands (legally) Lacked legal rights In England – women had no legal identity Discrimination in education Still not allowed in university HOW COULD THEY JUSTIFY THIS?  Married couples developed stronger emotional ties Affection and sexual relationships – women now count

Home making and child rearing Women ruled the home Women decided how that money would be spent – Does this give them ENOUGH power? European women (even now) took whole day shopping/cooking Became full time managers of food, kids, cleaning (dirt now the enemy) Wages rose to be considered a “family wage” – demanded by labor unions Many working class women worked in sweated industries (piece meal) Feed husband meat; she ate bread Husband relaxed by the fire while she did dishes Women pride fully created the “HOME SWEET HOME” (coined in 1870s)  Increased pride in a well kept, emotionally welcoming home/family

Home making and child rearing Previously – so many babies died – moms avoided emotional ties (too heartbreaking when he died – which was majority of time)  post-industrial – babies survived moms no longer avoided loving their babies women became better mothers!  Fathers encouraged to be silly and fun with kids  Fewer illegitimate babies abandoned to foundling hospitals  Swaddling disappeared – freedom of movement encouraged   Had fewer kids – give proper attention to those you had In England: 1860s – six kids / couple 1890s – four 1920s – two (or three) goal: provide WELL for each kid – give them opportunities Intense expectations of kids diet, clothing, games, sleeping – highly regulated

New Science Scientific Revolution of 17th century had been mostly theoretical (had a limited effect on general population) Science after 1830 – more practical (Led to improved living conditions for all ) Thermodynamics – study of relationship of heat and energy Led to LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (energy can be converted, but never created / destroyed) Dmitri Mendeleev (men-duh-LAY-uf) – PERIODIC TABLE (1869) Russian chemist – codified atomic numbers and weights Electricity – experimental in 1800 Commercial forms of energy Telegraph Underwater cables Power generation (lighting, transportation) Internal combustion engine (1890) Pushed SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (end of 1800s) First was coal and iron Second is oil and steel Rising standard of living resulted

Charles Darwin Charles Lyell – discredited young earth theory (mid-to-late 1800s) Jean Baptiste Lamarck – suggested that all life arose in long process   CHARLES DARWIN On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection (1859)

Herbert Spencer – Social Darwinism Social scientists – studied massive data collected by governments Study juvenile crime, poverty, population, trends, etc. Came to conclusions based on data   Herbert Spencer “survival of the fittest” (late 1800s) The poor were unlucky and weak The wealthy were the strong and “chosen”

Realism in Literature Depict life as it is, ugly or not (usually the ugly…) Fiction was based on “every day” life Where were the rejecting? Rejected Romanticism style of the exotic or dramatic All late 1800s Honore de Balzac – The Human Comedy (100 books – Fr. society) Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary (Mid class adulterous woman, betrayed by lover) Emile Zola – Germinal (sympathized with socialists) George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) – Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life Count Leo Tolstoy (Russian) – War and Peace (Napoleonic wars)