How did Mao become leader of the CCP? L/O – To identify how Mao took control of the CCP

Questions Prediction- What do you think were the most important events in Mao’s rise to power? Why? (try to identify at least 3 events) Reflection- Why was China such an unstable nation in the early 20th century? Assessment- Why do you think that the Long March was later afforded such an important place in Maoist propaganda? Assessment- Why had Mao Zedong emerged as the unchallenged leader of the CCP by 1945? Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfJy_wduFy4

1893 - Born in Hunan province, rich peasant family 1901-6 – Attended primary school 1912 – Joined anti-Qing army in Hunan 1912-8 – Trained as a teacher 1918 – Joined the Hunan independence movement 1919 – Worked as librarian at Beijing Uni. Organised strikes in Hunan. 1921 – Became a founding member of CCP. 1923 – Joined the KMT. 1924-7 – Involved in planning CCP/KMT alliance against Warlords. 1927-34 – Created the Jiangxi Soviet. 1930 – Suppressed a mutiny in Red Army at Futian 10,000+ killed 1934-5 – Led the Long March to Yanan 1935-45 – Created the Yanan Soviet 1942 – Crushed opposition within the CCP using torture. 1945-49 – Led the CCP to victory over KMT 1949 – Declaration of the creation of the People’s Republic of China

Referred to as Chairman Mao Chinese communist revolutionary guerrilla warfare strategist author political theorist and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of political policies, are now collectively known as Maoism.

Mao’s Early Years Born into rich peasant family. Father worked hard, mother was religious Buddhist. Often fell out with father, refused to show him respect. He didn’t like working, and always wanted to read. Volunteered in anti-Qing army during 1911. Introduced to Marxism at Beijing University, where he worked as a assistant librarian in 1919.

Early Life Born in 1893 in Shaoshan, China His father was a poor peasant who was able to become a landowner and businessman Received a basic education and learned a lot about political and economic problems in China (e.g. widespread famines) 6

Based on these sources, what is one problem the Chinese were facing when Mao was growing up? 7

China As Mao Was Growing Up: Problems With the Manchu Dynasty The emperors were not strong leaders, which trickled down to other government officials, who were incompetent Heavy taxes were put on the people Large disparity between the rich and poor Widespread poverty Gov’t officials accepted money and gifts for political appointments Foreign countries had spheres of influence where they dominated

Mao as a Chinese Revolutionary 1911-1927 Mao came to believe in the dialectic (basic commitment to an ultimate truth) as the explanation of life. i.e. the Marxist notion that historical development occurs through a progressive series of conflicts between social classes. He held the belief that all change, all progress, resulted from suppression of the weaker by the stronger. During the Warlord Period, he saw first hand how force could be used: ‘All power grows out of the barrel of a gun’. ‘A revolution is not a tea party; it is an act of violence, by which one class overthrows another’.

Communism Moved to Peking in 1918 and worked for a Marxist thinker Quickly became a strong believer in Communism and edited radical magazines, organized trade unions, and started schools of his own. Became one of the 50 founding members of the Chinese Communist Party Failed in his early attempts to be a leader in the Party and his role in Party activities was decreased dramatically 10

Mao as a Chinese Revolutionary 1911-1927 ‘During my student days in Hunan, the city was overrun by the forces of rival war lords – not once but half a dozen times. Twice the school was occupied by troops and all the school funds confiscated. The brutal punishments inflicted on the peasants included such things as gouging out eyes, ripping out tongues, disembowelling and decapitation, slashing with knives and grinding with sand, burning with kerosene and branding with red-hot irons.’ Mao realised that it was the strongest and most ruthless who always won. The only way to gain power was through violence. The rise to power of the Bolsheviks in the 1917 Russian Revolution seemed to confirm his beliefs.

Focus on the Peasants Mao went back to his hometown and had very little communication with the Party He studied the peasants and learned about their financial situation and the ways they were being abused by the landowning class His new knowledge of the peasants allowed him to rise again as a leader in the Party, where he advocated that peasants should lead the revolution 12

White Terror/ Shanghai Massacre https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lc0hwpR8IUs

THE SHANGHAI MASSACRE 1. The Shanghai Massacre was an attack on members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by Jiang Jieshi and the right wing of the Guomindang, in April 1927. 2. The Shanghai Massacre, also known as the ’12th April Incident’, occurred part way through the National Revolutionary Army’s Northern Expedition, a military campaign to reunify China. 3. Jiang’s decision to attack and purge the communists was triggered by the formation of a left wing Guomindang government in Wuhan and a CCP uprising in Shanghai. 4. With the aid of the Green Gang, a local troupe of gangsters, Guomindang forces arrested and executed hundreds of suspected communists, while thousands more went missing. 5. The purge continued for weeks and became known as the White Terror. It marked the end of the First United Front, the end of Soviet backing for the Guomindang and the eventual collapse of Wang Jingwei’s left wing government in Wuhan.

Mao at Jiangxi 1927-34 After the 1927 Shanghai Massacre, Mao led his CCP forces to the mountains of Jiangxi province and organised guerrilla resistance. He spent 7 years developing the Jiangxi Soviet, dedicated to peasant revolution. He clashed with the COMINTERN who wanted him to focus on urban workers. It was at Jiangxi where Mao developed his taste for using torture and purges to gain control. “Avoid what is strong, attack what is weak” formed the basis of what we know today as guerrilla warfare.

Mao at Jiangxi 1927-34 ‘They were brought out to be tortured, women as well as men… they were tortured to make them speak and they were tortured on Mao’s orders. There is a document in the party archives which Mao approved which says, ‘do not kill the important leaders too quickly, but squeeze out of them the maximum information; then from the clues they give you can go on to unearth others.’ In 1930, he had no qualms in torturing & executing some 4000 Red Army troops, accused of being KMT spies. Some estimate over 10,000! This incident became known as the ‘Futian incident’. It strengthened Mao’s control until the CCP leadership arrived in 1932. Zhou Enlai and Bo Gu ousted Mao from his military positions.

The Long March 1934-35 The Jiangxi Soviet was crushed in 1934. The KMT between 1930- 1934 launched 5 massive extermination campaigns. The first 4 were failures due to the guerrilla tactics used by Mao’s forces. However, the KMT encircled the base area entirely in 1934 and Mao led the communists to escape north to Yanan in Shaanxi province. Mao on the tactics of the Red Army, 1930 When the enemy advances, we retreat. When the enemy halts, we harass. When the army retires, we attack. When the enemy retreats, we pursue.

The Fifth Extermination Campaign In Summer 1933, Chiang used new tactics suggested by General Hans von Seeckt, a German military advisor. Seeckt used ‘blockhouse’ tactics. The KMT surrounded the Kiangsi Soviet with ½ m troops and advanced slowly building blockhouses, digging trenches & putting up barbed wire fences. This prevented food getting in or out.

The Fifth Extermination Campaign The Communists abandoned Guerrilla Warfare and under the influence of Otto Braun, launched a series of disastrous pitched battles. By summer the communists were surrounded by four lines of blockhouses & close to starvation. By Oct 1934, they had lost ½ of their territory as well as 60,000 troops. Otto Braun – German Communist and Comintern agent who was sent to China by Soviet Russia to give military advice to the CCP

The Break Out – October 1934 On the suggestion of Otto Braun, on 16th Oct 1934, 87,000 soldiers began a retreat. They took as much equipment & guns as they could carry and took them 6 weeks to break out of the ring of blockhouses. At the end of Nov 1934, the Red Army reached the Xiang River and lost over half their number fighting the KMT.

Mao Takes Over – January 1935 Mao had outmanoeuvred his opponents in the CCP and imposed his idea that to be successful the revolution in China must be based on the peasants in the countryside, not on the workers in the towns. The Zunyi Conference was thus a major milestone in Mao’s eventual control of the Party. In Jan 1935 they reached Zunyi, where a meeting was held. Braun was blamed for the defeat at the Xiang River: He had allowed them to carry to much equipment which slowed them down. The retreat was in a straight line which helped the KMT predict where they were headed. Leadership of the march was handed to Mao and Zhu De.

Progress in 1935 – January-October Under their new leadership, the march took off in a new direction, often changing routes & splitting forces. One of the most famous events was the crossing of the Dadu River. 22 soldiers swung across the river gorge on chains whilst under fire.

Arrival – October 1935 In October 1935 they had reached their destination of the poor communist base at Yanan in Shaanxi province. They had: Fought dozens of battles Crossed 24 rivers Crossed 18 mountain ranges Covered 24 miles a day 6000 miles in total 30,000 reached destination out of 100,000

Importance of the March The CCP had survived and found a new base which was remote and safe from attack from the KMT & Japanese Mao was hailed as a great hero and was re-established as the unchallenged leader of the CCP Many Chinese saw the CCP as heroes & Long March became part of CCP mythology The good behaviour of the Red Army impressed peasants 1.) Which is the most important consequence of the march? Why? 2.) How did the success of the march help boost CCP support across China?

The Yanan Years 1935-1945 During this time Mao succeeded in imposing his personal authority on the CCP. He also fought off attempts by the Stalin and the COMINTERN to dominate the party. During the 1940s, he launched a series of ‘rectification campaigns’ to consolidate his hold. He also wrote his major political works setting out his revolutionary ideas. Rectification of Conduct Campaigns – A serious of ferocious purges by which Mao removed any member of the CCP he suspected of opposing him.

Victory of the KMT 1945-1949 With the surrender of Japan at the end of WW2, Mao turned on the KMT again. A fierce 4-year struggle for supremacy of China ended with complete victory for the Communists. Chiang and the KMT were driven to Taiwan. In October 1949, Mao triumphantly declared that a new Communist society had come into being – the People’s Republic of China (PRC).

Review – How did Mao become leader of the CCP? Early Years – Mao became politically aware during his time at Middle School in Changsha, capital of Hunan Province. In 1911 He joined an anti-Qing rebel army in support of the nationalists but saw no action. He later dropped out of school and spent time in Changsha library studying political philosophers of Western liberalism like Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Darwin and Rousseau. In 1912-18 he trained to be a teacher in Changsha, where he read New Youth magazine by Chen Duxiu. In April 1917 he had an article published, instructing readers to increase their physical strength to serve the revolution!

Review – How did Mao become leader of the CCP? Time in Beijing – In 1919, he worked as assistant librarian at Beijing University. It is here that he began to read Marxism, attending lectures by Chen Duxiu. Student Organiser – In 1919-1920, Mao moved back to Changsha to work as a history teacher. There he co-founded the Hunanese Student Association and began production of a radical magazine – Xiang River Review. His articles became famous throughout China and in 1920, Mao organised students protests in support of the KMT. CCP Founded – In 1921, Mao attended the first meeting of the CCP, where he was made Party Secretary for Hunan. He spent most of his time in Changsha, distributing revolutionary literature and recruiting people to communism.

Review – How did Mao become leader of the CCP? Collaboration with KMT – In 1923, Mao was elected to the Party Committee of the CCP and also to KMT Central Committee, working to implement the United Front. He was appointed to run the KMT’s Peasant Movement Training Institute, organising Hunanese peasants and preparing them for military activity in the Northern March. Commander in Chief – In 1927-28, Mao is appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army. He led the failed Autumn Harvest Uprising on Changsha and escaped with his army group to Jiangxi.

Review – How did Mao become leader of the CCP? Jiangxi Soviet – In 1929-34, Mao established the Jiangxi Soviet. Here he faced criticism for being anti-revolutionary and in the ‘Futian Incident’, Mao put down the rebels, with his loyalists executing and torturing many. In Nov, the CCP Central Committee moved to Jiangxi and Mao lost control of the army to Zhou Enlai. – de facto leader of both Party and Red Army. In Nov 1935, Mao was declared Chairman of the Military Commission as well.

THE JIANGXI SOVIET 1. The Jiangxi Soviet was a self governing communist region, formed around Ruijin by Mao Zedong and the Red Army in 1930. They arrived there after the failed Autumn Harvest Uprising of 1929. 2. In November 1931 the Jiangxi Soviet became the Chinese Soviet Republic. It adopted its own constitution and served as a laboratory for socialist policies, particularly land reform and redistribution. 3. Within the Jiangxi Soviet the Red Army was restructured, renewed and trained in guerrilla strategies, studied and adapted by Mao Zedong. 4. Between 1930 and 1934 the Jiangxi Soviet was attacked by the Nationalist forces of Jiang Jieshi, in five offensives known as Encirclement Campaigns. 5. These early offensives proved unsuccessful, however by late 1933 the Red Army was finally driven out after being outnumbered, outgunned and undermined by changes in tactics.

Long March Long March – In Jan 1935, the Red Army captured the city of Zunyi. It was here that Mao outmanoeuvred his rivals and was elected Chairman of the Politburo

The Long March

Mao Zedong forms Communist Party and works with Nationalists Sun Yat-Sen dies. New Nationalist leader Chaing Kai-Shek declares war on Communists Mao and followers flee into mountains: The Long March In mountains Mao rebuilds Communist party

Mao Zedong- becomes leader of Chinese Communists during the “Long March” 1. advocated land reform & tax reform = gained peasant support Result: - peasants joined Communists - many join Red Army (Communist Army) - could resist Nationalists

Review – How did Mao become leader of the CCP? Yanan Years – In 1935-45, Mao consolidated his hold on the Party further, using ‘Rectification Campaigns’ in 1942 to purge and torture opponents and ‘Thought Reform Campaigns’ to indoctrinate new recruits. Membership had grown to 800,000 by 1940 and Mao was holding down Japanese troops with his Guerrilla Tactics. With the defeat of the Japanese in 1945, Mao was elected Party Chairman. What was the key turning point in Mao’s rise to power?