Figure 2. Number of cases required in a Mendelian randomization analysis with a binary outcome and a single instrumental variable for 80% power with a.

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Figure 2. Number of cases required in a Mendelian randomization analysis with a binary outcome and a single instrumental variable for 80% power with a 5% significance level and 1:1 ratio of cases:controls varying the size of causal effect [odds ratio per standard deviation (SD) increase in risk factor, exp(β<sub>1</sub>)] for different values of IV strength. Left panel: = 1%–8%. Right panel: = 0.5%–3.0% From: Sample size and power calculations in Mendelian randomization with a single instrumental variable and a binary outcome Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(3):922-929. doi:10.1093/ije/dyu005 Int J Epidemiol | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological AssociationThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 1. Power curves varying the sample size with continuous outcome and a single instrumental variable. Left panel: for a fixed value of the IV strength and different values of the size of the causal effect (β<sub>1</sub> = 0.05, 0.1, … , 0.3). Right panel: for a fixed value of the causal effect (β<sub>1</sub> = 0.2) and varying the size of the IV strength From: Sample size and power calculations in Mendelian randomization with a single instrumental variable and a binary outcome Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(3):922-929. doi:10.1093/ije/dyu005 Int J Epidemiol | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological AssociationThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.